State matrix — cross-state comparison + coverage tracker
Authority
Cross-state comparison — see per-state pages for controlling text
This page is a router and comparison aid only. Every cell is a summary; the per-state page (and its quoted official text) controls. A cell that says not compiled means the state page does not answer that question — it is not a "no." Do not answer a state-specific question from a row alone; open the state page.
Comparison — compiled states
One row per state. SOL W/O/Open/Note = written contract / oral contract / open account /
promissory note, in years, with the state's own carve-outs after the slashes.
| State | License / entry gate | First-party covered? | Freq cap vs 7/7 | Call window | SOL W/O/Open/Note | Revival | TBD disclosure | Key statute |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AK | License ×3 — agency + per-office operator + branch, DCCED Div. of Corporations, Business & Professional Licensing; $5,000 bond or cash deposit (§08.24.150); $50 flat fees, DOUBLED for nonresidents (12 AAC 02.160); biennial exp. June 30; no exam (§08.24.110 lists qualifications only); unlicensed = misdemeanor ≤1yr/$1,000 (§08.24.090(c)); §08.24.300 bars an unlicensed/unbonded agency from maintaining suit; Collection Agency Board REPEALED (§08.24.011) — don't cite board powers | No — §08.24.090 gates collecting "for compensation … for others"; BUT the alias rule (§08.24.380(2)(A)) makes a creditor collecting its own claims under another name an unlicensed agency, and 3 AAC 01.210–.220 impose FDCPA-shaped duties on AS 06 financial institutions collecting their OWN paper; UTPCPA reaches both (treble or $500/act, §45.50.531(a); AG $1k–$25k/violation; Dep't of Law's own page confirms reach over debt collectors). NO mini-FDCPA — AS 08.24 has exactly ONE conduct rule (§08.24.320, sham court process) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm (AK Dep't of Law attributes the window to the FDCPA) | 3/3/3/6 — one bucket: §09.10.053 "contract or liability, express or implied" (no open-account statute; cards = same 3y, labeled interpretation); notes 6y (§45.03.118(a)) + demand rule + 10y no-payment backstop; judgments/seals 10y (§09.10.040(a)); catch-all 10y (§09.10.100); ⚠ §09.10.053 is expressly WAIVABLE BY CONTRACT — the agreement can lengthen/eliminate the period and then controls; §09.10.110 mutual-account last-item accrual w/ 1-year gap cutoff; narrow borrowing (§09.10.220, nonresidents only) | Payment restarts — opposite of TX: §09.10.210 restarts from the last past-due payment of principal or interest on any evidence of indebtedness (no writing); §09.10.200 requires a debtor-SIGNED writing for acknowledgments/promises and expressly "does not alter the effect of any payment"; post-expiry effect of a bare payment statutorily unaddressed — attorney review (AK case law manual-verification-only: courts.alaska.gov resets automated connections) | None, and no TBD suit bar (akleg facet search: Statutes(0)/AAC(0) for "time-barred"; only collection-specific AAC section code-wide is 12 AAC 02.160 fees) | AS 08.24.090–.380; AS 08.01.087/.102; 12 AAC 02.160; 3 AAC 01.210–.220/.910; AS 09.10.040/.053/.100/.110/.130/.200/.210/.220; AS 45.03.118; AS 45.50.471/.481/.531/.551/.561(a)(9). WATCH: HB 178 (34th Leg. — medical-debt credit-reporting ban, new AS 45.48.800) in (H) FIN, live through 2026 |
| AL | NONE — no collection-agency license, registration, bond, or regulator; only a privilege license TAX (§40-12-80: $100 in cities 20k+, $25 under; +50% county add-on §40-12-2(e), per county/per place of business, paid to the probate judge; expressly keyed to the FDCPA §1692a(6) "debt collector" definition; non-payment criminal §40-12-9). Characterize as tax registration, not license | No state collection statute — moot for conduct; ADTPA catch-all (§8-19-5(27)) reaches creditors and collectors alike but §8-19-7(3) exempts regulated bank creditors; §8-19-7(4) appears to carve FDCPA violations out of the ADTPA entirely (FDCPA = Title VIII of the CCPA per uscode.house.gov — labeled interpretation, no AL case located); no class actions (§8-19-10(f)), 15-day pre-suit demand, 1y-from-discovery | None — §13A-11-8(b) has an express "legitimate business telephone communications" carve-out; Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm; Telemarketing Act is sales-purpose-only (§8-19A-3(17)) | 6/6/(3 contested — 6 as account stated)/6 — written + oral both 6y (§6-2-34(4),(9) — no split); card bucket CONTESTED: §6-2-37(1) open/unliquidated 3y (statutory last-item accrual) vs §6-2-34(5) stated/liquidated 6y — Oliver v. Quantum3 (Bankr. S.D. Ala. 2014) reads cards as open accounts, In re Jones (Bankr. N.D. Ala. 2015) converts on unobjected statements and puts the open-account burden on the DEBTOR; no AL appellate holding; notes 6y (§7-3-118(a)) + 10y demand backstop; sealed instruments 10y (§6-2-33(1) — seal must be recited in the body, Crane v. Pringle) | Timing-based, inverts the usual model (§6-2-16): partial payment removes the bar ONLY if made BEFORE the bar is complete — post-expiry payment legally inert (In re Jones; Chapman v. Barnes, 1891); post-expiry route = unconditional promise in signed writing, read strictly (acknowledgment + payment plan held INSUFFICIENT). §8-9-2 is the statute of frauds, NOT revival — mis-cite trap | No — "time-barred" returns zero sections in a full-Code search | Ala. Code §§6-2-16, -30, -33(1), -34(4),(5),(9), -37(1), 6-2-3/-8/-9/-10/-17; §7-3-118; §8-19-1 et seq. (ADTPA); §40-12-80, -2, -9; §13A-11-8; §6-10-7 (75% wage exemption). UNVERIFIED: §6-2-10 absence tolling scope (no narrowing case found — apply neither reading). No medical-debt rule ("medical debt" = 0 sections) |
| AR | License per location + bond — State Board of Collection Agencies, now within the Dept. of Labor and Licensing (Act 910 of 2019 §5265 transfer, eff. 2019-07-01 — the board was NOT abolished); bond $10k/$20k/$25k by collector headcount (statutory range to $50k); June 30 renewal; every collector registered w/ aliases. Plus a 50% contingency-fee cap — contracts above it VOID w/ creditor clawback (§17-24-309); out-of-state solicitors deemed to consent (§17-24-401(2)) | No for licensing — creditor's regular employees exempt (§17-24-102(a)(1)); conduct reaches a creditor collecting under a third-party-sounding name (§§17-24-101(2), 17-24-502(5)(B)) | None — intent standard (§17-24-505(b)(5)); Reg F 7/7 governs. But workplace contact is conditioned on a prior failed good-faith home-address attempt (§17-24-307(11)) — stricter than the FDCPA's employer-prohibition test | 8am–9pm consumer's location (§17-24-504(a)(1)(B)) — identical to federal | 5 written (§16-56-111) / 3 oral (§16-56-105(1)) / credit cards 5y as written obligations per Born v. Hosto & Buchan, 2010 Ark. 292 (case law, settled — producibility is a proof problem, not a different bucket; true open accounts 3y) / UNVERIFIED — §4-3-118 unreadable (official code is Lexis-gated); uniform 6y unconfirmed, do not ship 5y as verified | UNVERIFIED — §16-56-111's partial-payment/written-acknowledgment tolling sentence appears only in unofficial sources (protocol bars them as source-of-record); probable but not quote-backed — attorney review, never a boolean | No — verified negative across the complete chapter | A.C.A. tit. 17 ch. 24 (§§17-24-101 to -512); §§16-56-105, -111; Born v. Hosto & Buchan, 2010 Ark. 292, 372 S.W.3d 324 |
| AZ | License + graduated bond — DIFI (§32-1055(A): unlawful to conduct a collection agency without one — the chapter survives; §§32-1002/-1003/-1052/-1054 were repealed but the requirement moved, it did NOT die); $1,500 app + $600/yr (§6-126); bond $10k–$35k tiered on AZ-sourced income (§32-1021(B)(2)); Dec 31 renewal, Jan 31 hard expiry (§32-1025); bond lapse VOIDS the license (§32-1022(C)); unlicensed = class 1 misdemeanor + individual officer liability (§§32-1056, -1057) | No for licensing — regularly-salaried credit employees exempt (§32-1004(A)(2)) — but collecting your own debts under a third-party-sounding alias sweeps you in (§32-1001(2)(b)); exempt persons still bound by §32-1051(2)–(6)/§32-1055(C)-(D); no mini-FDCPA — Consumer Fraud Act (§44-1522) is the conduct backstop | None — verified negative; Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm | 6/3/(3 or 6)/6 — written executed in-state 6 (§12-548(A)(1)); oral 3 (§12-543(1)); credit card 6 BY STATUTE (§12-548(A)(2), card per §13-2101(3)(a) only — debit/stored-value excluded) but a TRUE stated/open account is 3 w/ rolling new-item rule (§12-543(2)); notes 6 (§47-3118(A)) + 10y demand backstop; written instrument executed OUT of state 4 (§12-544(3)); repo deficiency 4 (§47-2725). Accrual = first uncured missed payment regardless of acceleration (Mertola v. Santos, 244 Ariz. 488 — judiciary info-sheet gloss; opinion text UNVERIFIED) | Signed writing only, works post-expiry (§12-508 — takes a barred action out of the statute); NO partial-payment statute either way — attorney review, never a boolean | No — verified negative; opposite of TX §392.307 | A.R.S. tit. 32 ch. 9; §§12-543, -544, -548, -508, -501; 47-3118, 47-2725; §44-1522. Extras: medical-judgment interest ≤3% (§44-1201(A)(1)); wage garnishment capped 10% (§33-1131(B)) |
| CA | License — DCLA, DFPI (Fin. Code §100001); $25k bond (§100019(e)); covered commercial debt out of licensing since 2025-01-01 | Yes — Rosenthal §1788.2(c) ("on behalf of that person or others"); §1788.17 exempts first-party only from mini-Miranda/validation | No — no Rosenthal numeric cap; Reg F 7/7 governs | No CA-specific statute; 8am–9pm via §1788.17 FDCPA incorporation | 4 (CCP §337(a)) / 2 (§339(1)) / 4 book acct + acct stated (§337(b)) / note 6 (Com. Code §3118(a) + 10y demand backstop). Card = 4y by case law under §337. Suit and arbitration barred at expiry (§337(d)) | Hard no-revival-on-payment — CCP §360: acknowledgment/new promise = signed writing only; the payment proviso reaches ONLY promissory notes (cards/book accounts get nothing), and even a note payment "shall [not] of itself revive a cause of action once barred"; waiver = signed writing, 4y cap, renewable (§360.5) | Yes — §1788.14(d) scripted notice, two variants (pre/post FCRA §605(a) obsolescence), on first written comm. after time-bar; debt buyers same via §1788.52(d)(2)–(3) | Civ. Code §§1788–1788.33, 1788.50–1788.66, 1812.700; Fin. Code §100000 et seq.; CCP §§337, 339, 361 |
| CO | License — AG / UCCC Administrator (§5-16-118); $12k–$20k formula bond (§5-16-124); unlicensed = class 1 misdemeanor | No — CFDCPA excludes original creditors; debt buyers in (§5-16-103(8.5)) | No — Reg F 7/7 governs | 8am–9pm = federal | 6/6/6/6 — but the statutory axis is liquidated vs unliquidated, not written vs oral: 6y liquidated/determinable (§13-80-103.5(1)(a)), 3y everything else contractual (§13-80-101(1)(a)). "Liquidated" is undefined in statute — interpretation. Notes §4-3-118 | Payment revives — §13-80-113 needs a signed writing for an acknowledgment but preserves "the effect of a payment"; co-obligor's payment doesn't bind others (§13-80-114); creditor's own ledger entry isn't proof (§13-80-115) | No — no disclosure, no suit bar, no anti-revival (full-text search of art. 5-16); Reg F §1006.26 is the only bar | C.R.S. art. 5-16 (CFDCPA); §§13-80-101, -103.5, -108, -113; §4-3-118 |
| CT | Consumer Collection Agency license — Dept. of Banking via NMLS; main office + EACH branch; $500/$400, Dec 31 expiry; bond $50k main + $50k/branch (§36a-802(a)) — debt buyers bond-exempt; net worth >$0 if solely debt buying, ≥$50k otherwise (§36a-801(b)); unlicensed = fine ≤$1k and/or ≤1yr (§36a-810). ⚠ P.A. 25-168 also DELETED the old no-assignment-suit rule — since 2025-10-01 an agency may take assignment and sue in its own name | Separately, yes — Creditors' Collection Practices Act §§36a-645–648 reaches creditors (one-sentence ban §36a-646; private action 1-yr, actual + ≤$1k + fees, §36a-648 — and it reaches creditor violations of §36a-805 and the §36a-809 regs); the agency act covers third parties + debt buyers | None — §36a-809-10(5) is an intent-to-harass standard; Reg F 7/7 governs | 8am–9pm debtor's location BY STATE REG (Conn. Agencies Regs. §36a-809-9(d)(1)(A)) — identical to federal | 6/3/6/6 — §52-576(a) names "an account" in the six-year clause (no card-bucket fight); oral 3 is EXECUTORY contracts only (§52-581) — executed oral (money advanced, goods delivered) rides §52-576 at 6y per official annotations; notes 6y (§42a-3-118(a)) + 10y demand backstop; goods 4y (§42a-2-725; both SOL sections carve out Art. 2); absence tolling capped 7y (§52-590); no borrowing statute (verified by absence; annotations conflict on conflicts rule — UNVERIFIED) | (state, holder-type) split — §36a-814(c): no revival by payment/affirmation on PURCHASED debt, plus §36a-814(b) suit bar; originated paper: no acknowledgment statute exists — common law only per CGA annotations (unequivocal acknowledgment or payment can lose the defense; mechanics unresolved) — attorney review; do NOT model as flat no-revival | YES — §36a-805(a)(13): two verbatim scripts by FCRA §605(a) obsolescence status, min 10-pt type, initial communication, ALL consumer collection agencies. ⚠ P.A. 25-168 §448 (eff. 2025-10-01) RENUMBERED §36a-805(a) — disclosure now (a)(13) not (a)(14), 15% fee cap (a)(11) not (a)(12); cite the 2026 Supplement, not the CGA base page | §§36a-800 to -814 (esp. -805 2026 Supp., -814); §§36a-645 to -648; Conn. Agencies Regs. §§36a-809-9 to -17 (incl. 5-day state validation notice); §§52-576, -581, -590; §§42a-3-118, 42a-2-725; medical: §20-7i (P.A. 24-6 — reported medical debt VOID) + §19a-673b hospital gate; CUTPA §§42-110a et seq. |
| DC | NONE — no collection license, registration, or bond exists ("debt collector"/"debt buyer" appear ONLY in §28-3814 across the entire Code; Title 26 has no collection chapter; §47-2851.03's eleven BBL categories include none); a D.C.-located agency takes the residual General Business BBL ($99/2yr, DLCP); vendor "$25k/$5k bond" claims BASELESS — no official source | YES — strictest in the compilation: §28-3814(b)(5) defines "debt collector" to INCLUDE original creditors and debt buyers; first parties escape only the (m) documentation regime ((m)(3)), the (bb) PHE communication ban, and the (s) debt-buyer affidavits — the call cap, window, SOL, anti-revival, pleading rules, and $500–$4,000/violation penalties (u) all bind them; FDCPA violation = automatic §28-3814 violation ((z)) | 4 calls/ACCOUNT/7 days ((d)(4)(A) — the widely-cited "3" describes the bill, not the enactment), aggregated across ALL numbers, 4 exclusions (consumer-initiated, single returned call, no-connection, wrong number); + absolute 7-day lockout after any completed conversation; + 5 e-messages/account/7 days behind mailed (m)(2)(A) notice + express consent ((d)(4)(B)); in-person visits BANNED outright ((d)(5)–(6)) | 8am–9pm EST/EDT ((k)) — pinned to D.C. local time, not the consumer's, and covers TEXTS too | 3/3/3/3 for consumer debt — §28-3814(o) flattens everything: 3y from accrual "whether … contract, account stated, open account, or other cause," overrides longer statutes, expressly reaches contracts under seal (killing §12-301(6)'s 12y); §12-301(a)(7) has no written/oral split anyway; notes 6y (§28:3-118) survives ONLY for non-consumer paper; accrual UNDEFINED by (o) — attorney review; PHE tolling ((aa)(4)) reaches ANY consumer debt | Hard no post-expiry revival, ALL holders (§28-3814(l): "Notwithstanding any other provision of law … payment toward or written or oral affirmation … shall not extend" — broader than TX's debt-buyer-only rule); scoped to "consumer debt" so the (a) exclusions (real-estate-secured, ch. 36 auto loans) are untouched; NO statute governs the pre-expiry clock (no acknowledgment/part-payment section exists — case law, UNVERIFIED) | No scripted TBD disclosure — instead suit on time-barred debt is a prohibited practice on knows-or-should-know ((f)(10)), complaints must PLEAD timeliness ((q)(6)), and the court checks (o)–(s) compliance sua sponte with mandatory with-prejudice dismissal for willful noncompliance ((t)) | D.C. Code §28-3814 (D.C. Law 24-154, applicable 2023-01-01); §12-301; §28:3-118; §§12-302, -303; §15-101 (judgments 12y, absolute); §§28-3905(k) (CPPA treble/$1,500), 28-3909 (AG $5k/$10k). Watch: D.C. Act 26-365 medical-debt (dd) — enacted, NOT in force (appropriations gate) |
| DE | No conduct license — $75/yr occupational license only (Div. of Revenue, 30 Del. C. §2301(a)(11)); no collections regulator | N/A — no collection-practices statute at all; UDAP (6 Del. C. §2513) and ch. 25J reach creditors | None | None — federal floor | 3/3/3/6 — 3y all contract actions (10 Del. C. §8106(a)); 6y notes/bills of exchange (§8109; 6 Del. C. §3-118(a)). §8106(c) = opt-in for written contracts ≥$100k. Sealed instruments have no statutory number — attorney review, never print 20y | Signed writing only — an acknowledgment "under the hand of the party" gets a fresh 6y under §8109, not a 3y restart. Part-payment revival UNVERIFIED (no ch. 81 statute) — do not model | No | 10 Del. C. ch. 81 (§§8106, 8109); 6 Del. C. §2513, ch. 25J, §3-118; 30 Del. C. §2301(a)(11) |
| FL | Registration — consumer collection agency with OFR (§559.553), annual renewal (§559.555); unregistered = 1st-degree misdemeanor (§559.785), out-of-state fine to $10k (§559.565); original creditors exempt | Yes — §559.72 binds "a person," creditors included; registration exempts original creditors (§559.553(3)(a)), conduct rules don't | No — harassment-frequency standard only (§559.72(7)); Reg F 7/7 governs | 8am–9pm debtor's time zone, flat ban absent prior consent; e-mail exempt since 2025-05-16 (§559.72(17)) | 5 (§95.11(2)(b)) / 4 (§95.11(3)(j)) / 4 store accounts (same ¶) / note not compiled. 3y medical debt from a ch. 395 facility, running from third-party referral (§95.11(4), eff. 2024-07-01). Notes = 5y (§673.1181: FL enacted NO UCC note period — "Chapter 95 governs"; do not "correct" to 6) | No-revival-on-payment by construction — post-expiry only a signed writing revives (§95.04); pre-expiry §95.051's tolling list is EXCLUSIVE ((2)) and its payment entry reaches only WRITTEN instruments, so payment on oral/store-account debt tolls nothing; construction flagged for counsel | No state disclosure; §559.72(9) polices asserting a known-nonexistent right case-by-case; Reg F §1006.26 governs | Fla. Stat. §§559.55–559.785; §95.11 |
| GA | None for collectors — DBF installment-lender license only captures servicers of others' installment loans ($25k + $5k/branch bond) | N/A — no collection statute; FBPA general UDAP behind a marketplace-impact gate | None | None — federal floor | 6 (§9-3-24, which expressly excludes notes) / 4 (§9-3-25) / 4 open account (§9-3-25) / 6 notes (§11-3-118(a)). Plus 20y sealed instruments (§9-3-23) and demand notes with no clock until demand + 10y backstop (§11-3-118(b)) | Payment alone never restarts. §9-3-110 new promise must be in writing in/subscribed by the debtor's hand; §9-3-112 revives only payment plus written acknowledgment; §9-3-113 — a new promise revives the original liability, doesn't create a new one | No | O.C.G.A. §§9-3-23, -24, -25, -26; §11-3-118; §§9-3-110 to -114 (revival); §10-1-390 et seq. (FBPA) |
| HI | Registration (not license) + bond — DCCA Director, no board/exam (§443B-3); bond $25k first HI office + $15k per additional (§443B-5); staffed physical HI office REQUIRED (no PO box/answering service, HAR §16-112-11) — the office, not the money, is the real barrier; biennial renewal June 30 even years; $309/$284 fees; penalty $5k/violation reaching officers/agents/employees who personally participate (§443B-14), one act suffices (§443B-4.55). §443B-3.5 exempt out-of-state designation waives registration+bond for interstate-only work but BARS suing in any HI court. §443B-9 bans ALL debtor-paid collection/attorney fees pre-suit (post-suit attorney fee capped 25% of unpaid principal) | Yes — TWO-TRACK scheme from the same 1987 act: ch. 443B (third-party agencies; debt buyers in when regularly suing in own name, §443B-1(3)) + ch. 480D "Collection Practices" — the separate first-party mini-FDCPA (§480D-2: "debt collector" = any non-443B person collecting consumer debts owed "to the collector"; 11 prohibited practices §480D-3). Mini-Miranda BROADER than federal: required in the initial ORAL communication (§443B-18(2)(A)) + assignee name/full business address at EVERY demand (§443B-18(4)). Both chapters per-se §480-2 violations → $1,000 min or treble + fees (§480-13(b); $5k min for elders); AG/OCP $500–$10k/violation, each day separate (§480-3.1); ch. 480 claims have their own 4y SOL (§480-24) | None — intent standard (§443B-16(2)); Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm | 6/6/6/6 — §657-1(1) one undifferentiated bucket ("any debt founded upon any contract, obligation, or liability" — no oral/open-account section exists in ch. 657); notes 6y (§490:3-118(a)) + 10y demand backstop; §657-2 last-item accrual reaches only "mutual, open, and current" accounts — one-way card application UNVERIFIED; judgments 10y +once to 20 (§657-5); §657-9 HARD borrowing bar (claim barred where it arose cannot be maintained in HI); §657-18 absence tolling gutted by long-arm amenability (annotation); minor-consented reproductive/STI/family-planning debt: no suit until 18, then 2y (§577A-5, parent not liable §577A-4(a)) | Live, including POST-expiry — no statute, no writing needed: ch. 657 has no acknowledgment/part-payment section and §656-1 doesn't list barred-debt promises; official annotations — new promise binds "whether then barred … or not" (2 H. App. 383 (1981)), part payment = new promise; joint-and-several obligor's payment restarts against ALL without their knowledge (22 H. 140); maker's interest payment does NOT restart vs guarantor (28 H. 275) — attorney review, never auto-re-age | No — verified negative (all 37 ch. 443B files + all ch. 480D + HAR 16-112 term-searched) | HRS ch. 443B; ch. 480D; §§480-2, -3.1, -13, -24; §§657-1, -2, -5, -9, -18; §490:3-118; §577A-5; HAR ch. 16-112. ⚠ capitol.hawaii.gov is Cloudflare-hard-blocked — use data.capitol.hawaii.gov (same publisher, byte-identical, also serves Session Laws) |
| IA | No license — AG notification + $50/yr (§§537.6201–.6203; 61 IAC 22): trigger >$73,400 collected prior year (Reg Z threshold, all states aggregate) or >$25k current year; due 30 days after commencing IA activity, renew Jan 31; $75 late + AG suit (3× fees or $1k, §537.6113(3)); direct-collecting creditors/assignees skipping it = simple misdemeanor (§537.5301(3)); commercial-only + depository entities exempt | Yes — IDCPA "debt collector" = collecting "whether for the person, the person's employer, or others" (§537.7102(5)); first parties skip the filing but must obey the conduct act (AG's own guidance); only §537.7103(4)(b)(2) depository/insurance entities escape the mini-Miranda. 20-day right-to-cure notice is a PRE-SUIT prerequisite (§537.5110 — early suit = mandatory dismissal) | None numeric — intent standard (§537.7103(2)(d)); Reg F 7/7 governs. But hard THIRD-PARTY counters: employer contact 1/3-months, employment verification 1/month, parent/guardian/trustee 1/3-months (§537.7103(3)(a)(5)–(7)) | None numeric — "unusual hours" standard; federal 8am–9pm operative. Plus company name required on EVERY call to the debtor (§537.7103(2)(b)) | 10/5/5 (proof-dependent)/10 — written 10y (§614.1(5)(a)); unwritten 5y (§614.1(4)); cards 5y by case-law default (Matherly test; Gemini, Ct. App. 2011, 2–1 — signed writings flip it to 10); notes 10y as ordinary written contracts: Iowa NEVER enacted uniform UCC 3-118 — §554.3118 is accrual-only (§§554.3120–.3122 don't exist); demand notes accrue at ISSUE, not demand (§554.3118(1)(b)); rent 5y; judgments 20y | Signed writing revives even an EXPIRED claim (§614.11 — admission that the debt is unpaid, or like new promise); bare part payment has NO statutory revival effect — attorney review, never auto-re-age | No — no TBD statute, no suit bar; affirmative defense only | Iowa Code ch. 537 arts. 5–7 (ICCC/IDCPA); §§614.1(4)–(6), 614.5, 614.6, 614.7, 614.10, 614.11; §554.3118; 61 IAC 22 |
| ID | License — Idaho Dept. of Finance (§26-2223); $15k surety bond escalating at renewal to 2× average monthly net collections, capped $100k (§26-2232); $150 app / $100 renewal / $20 per agent; unlicensed collection = FELONY, $5k + 5 years (§26-2238(2)) — harshest entry penalty with NC; renewal-date conflict FLAGGED (statute Dec 31 vs DOF page Mar 15) | No — first parties out by definition (§26-2222(4) defines "collection agency" only by reference to §26-2223(2)–(6)); debt buyers IN (§26-2223(6): own-account collection of debt delinquent/in default when acquired; DOF's own page lists "debt buyer"). NO mini-FDCPA — instead §26-2229A(2) lets the DOF director enforce the FEDERAL FDCPA against licensees; deltas: per-contact affiliate-interest disclosure (§26-2229A(3)), closed fee-authorization list incl. director's PRIOR APPROVAL of signed debtor fee agreements (§26-2229A(4)(e)), 50% commission cap (§26-2229(2)(c)); NO IDAPA rules implement the ICAA (title 12 enumerated) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm | 5/4/(4 or 5)/6 — written 5y (§5-216), not-written 4y (§5-217); no open-account period exists — §5-222 is accrual-only and reaches only MUTUAL accounts w/ reciprocal demands (not one-way consumer cards); card bucket UNVERIFIED (case law unreachable); notes 6y (§28-3-118(1) — did not blank UCC 3-118) + 10y demand backstop; §5-229 absence tolling; §5-239 borrowing | Payment-driven and generous (§5-238): acknowledgment/new promise needs signed writing "but any payment of principal or interest is equivalent to a new promise in writing, duly signed" — bare phone payment or auto-debit restarts with NO writing (opposite of TX/NY). Post-expiry effect UNVERIFIED (statute silent) — attorney review, do not auto-revive | No — and no suit bar; verified negatives by 4 methods (per-section read + official chapter-PDF greps + DOF statutes page + IDAPA enumeration) | Idaho Code §§26-2221 to -2251 (esp. -2223, -2229A, -2232, -2238, -2244); §§5-216, -217, -222, -224, -229, -238, -239; §28-3-118; §28-46-111. UNVERIFIED: ICPA reach over collection conduct (§48-608 "purchases or leases" + §48-605(1) regulator exemption — $1k min + treble for elderly/disabled if it applies) |
| IL | License — IDFPR (205 ILCS 740/4; the Act moved to 205 ILCS 740 from 225 ILCS 425); $25k bond, creditor-protective (§8; debt buyers exempt, §8.6(b)); unlicensed = $10k civil penalty + Class A misdemeanor, Class 4 felony on repeat (§4.5, §14b); interstate-reciprocity carve-out (§4) | Mostly no — §2.03's 19 exemptions keep banks, credit unions, retail sellers etc. out; §2 has TWO unharmonized published versions (P.A. 104-149 enumerated-activity vs P.A. 104-297 "on behalf of himself or herself or others," which would sweep first-party in) — counsel question; debt buyers expressly in (§8.5) | No — harassment/intent standard only (§9(a)(19)); Reg F 7/7 governs | 8am–9pm debtor's local time, codified twice (§9(a)(19)(A); §9.2(a)(1)) | 10 written (735 ILCS 5/13-206) / 5 unwritten + catch-all (13-205) / 5 — no separate open-account statute; card = 5y unwritten per Feltman (1st Dist. 2009, case law, UNVERIFIED against official reporter) / 10 notes — Illinois BLANKED UCC §3-118(a)–(b) (810 ILCS 5/3-118), so 13-206 governs incl. its 1997 demand-note accrual rules; goods 4y (5/2-725) | Revives — even post-expiry. A payment or new promise in writing "within or after the period of 10 years" starts a fresh 10y (13-206 proviso) — resurrection is possible; a bare unwritten payment isn't covered, don't auto-model it. Consumer-debt judgments entered ≥2026-01-01: 15y enforcement, no revival (P.A. 104-120) | No disclosure — but debt buyers must sue within the SOL (§8.6(a)) and §9(a)(24) bars enforcing a right known not to exist | 205 ILCS 740; 735 ILCS 5/13-205, 5/13-206; 810 ILCS 5/3-118, 5/2-725 |
| IN | License — SoS Securities Division via NMLS ($100 + $30/branch, $5k bond per office, Dec-31 expiry); unlicensed = Class B misdemeanor + $10k/violation | Split — licensing no (statute reaches collecting "to another"); conduct yes (DCSA "supplier"). Debt-buyer licensing gap UNVERIFIED — counsel question | None | None — federal floor | 6/6/6/6 — accounts + contracts not in writing 6 (§34-11-2-7(1)); notes and written contracts for the payment of money executed after 1982-08-31 6, executed 1881-09-19→1982-08-31 10 (§34-11-2-9(b)); negotiable notes 6 (§26-1-3.1-118). Carve-outs: deposit accounts 2y (§34-11-2-9(c), P.L.77-2024); written contracts not for money 10y (§34-11-2-11) | Revives — a signed written acknowledgment or promise restarts (§34-11-9-1) and payment's effect is expressly preserved (§34-11-9-3). Opposite of TX | No | Ind. Code §§34-11-2-7, -9, -11; §26-1-3.1-118; §§34-11-9-1, -3; IC 25-11-1 (licensing); IC 24-5-0.5 (DCSA) |
| KS | None — no collection-agency license, registration, or bond; no regulator (negative verified 3 ways: Revisor's official KSA index, the OSBC's own scope statement, 2025–26 legislative subject index) | Yes — KCPA "supplier" = one who "enforces consumer transactions, whether or not dealing directly with the consumer" (K.S.A. 50-624(l); State ex rel. Miller v. Midwest Service Bureau, 229 Kan. 322); no mini-FDCPA; penalties $10k/violation, $20k for order violations, per-day for continuing, +$10k for protected consumers (50-677) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm; No-Call Act expressly excludes debt calls (50-670(a)(3)(B)) | 5/3/(3 or 5)/6 — written 5y (60-511(1)); not-in-writing 3y (60-512(1)); no open-account category exists (all of ch. 60 art. 5 enumerated to prove it) — card w/ producible signed agreement likely 5 (Clark Jewelers v. Satterthwaite, 8 Kan. App. 2d 569 — UNVERIFIED), no writing 3; negotiable notes 6y (84-3-118(a)), non-negotiable stay 5 under 60-511(1) (Hoelting); demand notes 10y no-demand backstop | Payment revives — NO writing needed, and works POST-expiry: 60-520's writing requirement attaches only to the acknowledgment/promise branch; O'Malley v. Frazier, 29 Kan. App. 2d 947 (2001), aff'd 274 Kan. 84 (2002) — payment 12 years after the last revived the entire note. Near-inverse of TX. Limits: unequivocal acknowledgment to the creditor; co-obligors protected absent knowledge/consent (60-520 ¶2 — 60-521 is public bodies, NOT co-obligors, a mis-cite trap); principal's payment doesn't toll vs guarantor. 60-516 = hard borrowing bar (foreign-barred claim cannot be brought in Kansas at all) | No — and no time-barred suit bar | K.S.A. 60-511, -512, -516, -517, -520; 60-2403/-2404 (judgment dormancy 5y + 2y revivor); 84-3-118; 50-624(l), -626, -627, -634, -636, -677 (KCPA); 16a-2-507 collection-cost cap 15% of post-default balance, no fee stacking (eff. 2025-01-01 — violating provisions unenforceable). WATCH: HB 2736 hospital charity-care screening (passed committee 2026-02-17) |
| KY | None — no licensing act, no regulator, no bond, no mini-FDCPA (negative finding, method disclosed on the page) | KCPA reaches trade/commerce for AG enforcement; private action is privity-limited by case law | None | None — federal floor | 15 or 10 / 5 / 5 / 6 — written contract executed on or before 2014-07-15 = 15y (KRS 413.090(2)), executed after = 10y (KRS 413.160); oral 5y (413.120(1)); merchants'/open account 5y (413.120(9)); notes 6y (KRS 355.3-118). Accrual quirk: open accounts run from Jan 1 next succeeding delivery (413.130(1)) | UNVERIFIED — no statute either way. Ch. 413 has no part-payment or new-promise revival section and KRS 371.010 doesn't require a writing. Common-law territory; ship as "attorney review," never as a boolean, and never inherit the TX rule | No | KRS 413.090(2), 413.120, 413.130, 413.160, 413.250; KRS 355.3-118; KRS 367.110–367.300 (KCPA) |
| LA | Registration only — SoS filing + $25 fee (R.S. 9:3534.1); no bond, no exam, no stated penalty for non-registration (R.S. 9:3553 doesn't list it) | No mini-FDCPA — but LCCL R.S. 9:3562 binds the creditor in consumer credit transactions (direct-collecting assignees in via §3563; banks/credit unions exempt §3563.1); LUTPA backstop (individual-only private action, 1y prescription, §1409) | None generally — but after a written cease demand: 1 mail notice/month + max 4 personal settlement contacts (9:3562(3)); contact resumes after judgment (9:3562(6)) | None — federal floor | Civil law: liberative prescription, not SOL — no written/oral axis. 10y residual personal action incl. written contracts (art. 3499) / 10y (art. 3499) / 3y open account, money lent, professional fees (art. 3494) / 5y notes (art. 3498; R.S. 10:3-118 uses 5y where uniform text says 6). Agreements lengthening prescription are NULL (art. 3471) | Different frame entirely: pre-accrual acknowledgment interrupts — time already run is wiped, clock restarts in full (arts. 3464, 3466; partial payment = tacit acknowledgment is jurisprudential interpretation, not code text); post-accrual, prescription may be renounced, expressly or tacitly (arts. 3449–3451) — post-expiry revival-by-renunciation is possible; courts may not supply prescription on their own (art. 3452) | No | C.C. arts. 3447–3499 (esp. 3494, 3495, 3498, 3499, 3462–3466, 3449–3452, 3471); R.S. 9:3534.1, 9:3562, 9:3534; R.S. 10:3-118; R.S. 51:1405–1409 |
| MA | DOB license + $25,000 bond for debt collectors (G.L. c. 93 §§24A, 25); third-party loan servicers register | Yes — 940 CMR 7.00 "creditor" definition + G.L. c. 93 §49; DOB regime covers licensees | YES — 2 contacts (calls/texts/recorded msgs) per 7 days per debt at personal numbers + 2 per 30 days at other numbers (940 CMR 7.04(1)(f)); licensees also barred 7 days after a phone conversation (209 CMR 18.14, eff. 2025-09-26) | Normal waking hours; default 8am–9pm Eastern (940 CMR 7.04(1)(g)) | 6 for all contract claims (G.L. c. 260 §2); notes also 6 (c. 106 §3-118(a) — no note/contract split; 10y demand backstop) | Payment can revive — now cited: acknowledgment/new promise = signed writing (c. 260 §13) but part payment is EXEMPT from the writing rule (§14). §14 PRESERVES payment's effect without codifying it — the restart itself is common law; don't present as statutory in a public tool. TRAP: the holder's OWN endorsement/memo of a payment is NOT sufficient proof (§14) — bites debt-buyer files rebuilt from seller data | Yes — 940 CMR 7.07(24) scripted disclosure (min 8-pt, front page / scripted oral) before any collection on time-barred debt | G.L. c. 93 §§24–28, 49; 940 CMR 7.00; 209 CMR 18.00; G.L. c. 260 §2 |
| MD | License — MCALA (Bus. Reg. tit. 7), State Collection Agency Licensing Board in OFR/Dept. of Labor, via NMLS; bond $50k–$1M set per licensee (§7-304(j)(1) — the legacy DLLR page still says $5,000, stale by an order of magnitude, FLAGGED); $350/$350 fees (COMAR 09.03.13.02); unlicensed = misdemeanor + a stand-alone MCDCA violation (§7-401; §14-202(10)). Reach follows the DEBTOR: any "consumer claim" by a MD resident (§7-101(e)), duties attach whether or not actually licensed (§7-101(h)) | Yes for conduct — MCDCA "collector" has no third-party qualifier (§14-201(b)); licensing exempts creditors' own employees (§7-301(b)(1)); debt buyers in when claim was in default at acquisition (§7-101(c)(1)(ii)). §14-202(11) (2018) imports FDCPA §§804–812 as state law — reaching first parties; §14-202(4) bans employer contact before final judgment | No numeric cap — §14-202(6) reasonableness standard; Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm | 3/3/3/6 — §5-101 3y residual (no oral/open split); notes 6y (Com. Law §3-118(a) — “another provision” that displaces §5-101); specialties under seal 12y (§5-102(a)(1)) w/ payment SUSPENDING the clock 3y (§5-102(b)); consumer HOSPITAL debt under seal carved back to 3y (§5-102(c)(3), 2025 ch. 694, eff. 2025-10-01); judgments 12y | Hard non-revivable bar — post-expiry payment, written OR oral affirmation, or "any other activity" does not revive or extend (§5-1202(b)(1), 2016 ch. 579 as am. 2018 ch. 549); sole survivor: separate written agreement/payment plan entered BEFORE expiry ((b)(2)); absence from state does NOT toll (§5-201(c)) | No disclosure — instead initiating ANY collection action including arbitration after expiry is prohibited (§5-1202(a)); debt-buyer documentary prerequisites (§5-1203; Md. Rule 3-306(d) / form DC-CV-106) | CJP §§5-101, -102, -201(c), 5-1201 to -1204; Com. Law §§14-201 to -204, 3-118; Bus. Reg. tit. 7; COMAR 09.03.13 |
| ME | License — Bureau of Consumer Credit Protection via NMLS, calendar-year term (§11031); bond $20k new applicants (direct collections/debt buyers), renewal tiers $15k–$50k by monthly ME collections + $10k tangible net worth (02-030 C.M.R. ch. 300 §4(1)); fees $400 + $200/branch (statutory caps $800/$500); unlicensed = Class E crime reaching individual officers/employees (§11040) | No — first parties out (§11003(1), (7)(B)–(C)); creditors using a third-party-sounding name are IN (§11002(6)); debt buyers in "for all purposes" (§11002(5-A), PL 2017 c. 216). No small-claims collection (§11021); debt-buyer default judgments barred without full documents (§11019(3)) | None numeric — §11013(1)(E) intent standard; Reg F 7/7 governs | 8am–9pm (§11012(1)(A)) — federal parity | 6/6/6/6 (§752 one flat bucket, no written/oral split; notes 6y via 11 M.R.S. §3-1118(1) — Maine's distinctive numbering) — but the controlling collector-side SOL is 32 M.R.S. §11013(8): 6y from the CONSUMER'S LAST ACTIVITY, "notwithstanding any other applicable statute of limitations" (yields only to shorter state periods). Creditor-side: §751 keeps 20y for sealed contracts, bank paper, and witnessed promissory notes outside §3-1118(1) (narrowed 2017, not repealed — witnessed DEMAND notes ambiguous, FLAGGED); summarizing fetchers DROP §751's opening except-clause — read raw HTML | Flat statutory no-revival for collectors, clearest text of any compiled state: post-expiry "any subsequent payment toward, written or oral affirmation of or other activity on the debt does not revive or extend" (§11013(8)); pre-expiry the last-activity clock means in-window activity extends. Creditor-side fallback: §860 signed writing, §863 part payment preserved. Scope of the no-revival sentence beyond collectors = unsettled (subsection captioned for debt collectors) | No disclosure — suit bar instead: initiating a collection action known or knowable as time-barred is a violation (§11013(7)) | 32 M.R.S. §§11002, 11003, 11012, 11013(3)–(8), 11019, 11021, 11031, 11040; 14 M.R.S. §§751, 752, 860, 863, 866; 11 M.R.S. §3-1118; 02-030 C.M.R. ch. 300, 705. Medical: PL 2023 c. 663 (eff. 2024-08-09) — no interest/fees + 300%-FPL/30-day pre-suit notice gate; PL 2025 c. 201 (eff. 2025-09-24) — total medical credit-reporting ban binding creditors, collectors, AND debt buyers (10 M.R.S. §1310-H(4)). Deltas: no postcards, no sheriff/notary collection, 30-day client accounting, payment plan unenforceable until written copy delivered (§11013(6)) |
| MI | License per place of business — LARA/BPL (MCL 339.904(1)); $5k–$50k bond, $5k first year then scaled (§339.907); $475/3-yr cycle; unlicensed = misdemeanor, escalating on repeat (§339.601(4)–(5)). Carve-out: no license if MI activity is interstate-communications-only (§339.904(2)) — conduct rules still apply; sham purchase doesn't evade (§339.903) | Yes — via a mirror statute. Licensed agencies → Occupational Code art. 9 (§§339.901–920); creditors/in-house/banks/attorneys-in-own-name → RCPA "regulated person" (MCL 445.251(1)(g)), §445.252 = near-verbatim twin of §339.915, AG-enforced. Which act governs a licensed agency is FLAGGED (definitional tangle, no official case law) — assume dual coverage. State validation notice §339.918 (5-day/30-day/cease-until-verification) binds licensed agencies; 45-day client remittance §339.915a(1)(k) | None — harassment/intent standard (§339.915(n)/§445.252(n)); Reg F 7/7 governs | 8am–9pm BY STATE STATUTE, both acts (§339.915(n), §445.252(n)) — covers ALL communications, not just calls; override only by debtor's WRITTEN agreement; night contact presumed inconvenient | 6/6/6/6 — contract catch-all MCL 600.5807(9) (renumbered by 2018 PA 15 — old (8) is now a 10y public-bond rule; cite (9), not (8)); residual 6y §600.5813; open-account accrual at last item proved (§600.5831); notes 6y (§440.3118(1)) + demand-note 10y no-payment backstop ((2)); judgments 10y/6y (§600.5809(3)) | Post-expiry revival possible — a BARRED claim "shall be revived" by acknowledgment/promise in a writing signed by the party (§600.5866). Part payment = common law only (§600.5865 is an evidence rule — creditor's own endorsement inadmissible); attorney review, never a boolean. Do NOT inherit TX/NV/WA dead-is-dead | No — verified negative across both complete act indexes; Reg F §1006.26 only | MCL 339.901–920; 445.251–258; 600.5807(9), .5813, .5831, .5853, .5865, .5866; 440.3118; 339.601. WATCH: SB 451 medical-debt act (passed Senate 2026-03-11, House 2nd reading — would add scripted initial-communication disclosure); SB 701/702 (interest cap; garnishment/foreclosure ban) |
| MN | License + per-collector registration — Dept. of Commerce; $500/$400 agency, $10 per collector, June 30 expiry; variable bond $50k + $5k per $100k MN collections, capped $100k (§332.34); annual criminal screen per collector; unlicensed = misdemeanor; debt buyers expressly licensed since 2022. §332.3351 self-executing nonresident exemption REPEALED 2024-08-01 — now a discretionary commissioner waiver (§332.3352) | Ch. 332: no — "for others" or debt buyer (§332.31 subd. 3; §332.38 catches sham assignments). Ch. 332C medical debt: YES — reaches providers collecting in their own name (§332C.01 subd. 2). §332.37(a)(12) imports FDCPA as state law for licensees | None — Reg F 7/7 governs. Instead: autodialer/prerecorded stop-on-request (§332.37(a)(13); §332C.02(10) — the medical version expressly includes AI chat bots) | None — federal 8am–9pm | 6/6/6/6 — no written/oral split (§541.05 subd. 1(1)); consumer debt directly under §541.053 (card figure is STATUTORY, no case law needed); notes 6y (§336.3-118) | Consumer debt: never, since 2013 — after expiry, not revived by payment, bankruptcy discharge, or oral/written reaffirmation (§541.053); suing anyway is per-se violation (§332.37(a)(24); §332C.02(19)). NON-consumer debt: payment CAN restart (§541.17) — two-branch rule, boolean-proof | No TBD script — but two OTHER largest-font-on-page initial-mail disclosures: Commerce-license line (§332.37(a)(23)) and, medical, AG phone + attorney-rights line (§332C.02(18)) | Minn. Stat. §§332.31–.44; ch. 332C (2024 c 114 art. 3 — NO "Debt Fairness Act" short title exists); §§332.71–.75 coerced debt; §§541.053, 541.05, 541.17; §336.3-118; §519.05 spousal-necessaries REPEALED 2024-10-01. WATCH: §332.32(c) servicer exclusion (2026 c 124) eff. 2026-08-01, not yet in published statutes |
| MO | None — no license, bond, or registration; only §425.300 (assignment standing + must sue through licensed attorney). Contrast: debt ADJUSTERS are gated ($50k/$100k bond, §425.027) | Yes — MMPA §407.020.1 "any person," expressly "before, during or after the sale"; carve-out for Div. of Finance/DCI/credit-union-regulated institutions (§407.020.2(2)); AG $1k/violation + class E felony for willful-defraud; private action gated on purchase + S.B. 591 elements (§407.025.1) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — No-Call reaches only purchase-encouraging calls (§407.1095(3)) | 10/5/5 (interp.)/10 — §516.110(1) writings that THEMSELVES promise payment; §516.120(1) residual 5y; card bucket = 5y standard reading but UNVERIFIED (courts.mo.gov 403s; produced signed agreement supports a 10y argument — attorney review 5–10 band); notes OUT of ch. 516: §400.3-118(a) is NON-UNIFORM at TEN years and expressly ousts ch. 516; CDs 6y | Split: acknowledgment needs signed writing (§516.320), joint debtors insulated (§516.330), payment's effect expressly PRESERVED but undefined (§516.340) — attorney review. In practice the consumer acknowledgment path is CLOSED: 15 CSR 60-8.110 makes seeking a reaffirmation without valuable consideration an unfair practice | No script — stricter shape instead: threatening OR filing suit on time-barred consumer debt = unfair practice (15 CSR 60-8.100); no safe-harbor language exists, so out-of-stat copy must drop litigation + re-aging phrasing entirely | Mo. Rev. Stat. §§516.100–.350; §400.3-118; §425.300; §§407.020, .025, .100; 15 CSR 60-8.020/.090/.100/.110; §525.030.2(1) (10% head-of-family garnishment). FLAG: HB 2793 (10y→5y, cards 2y) DIED in committee 2026; re-verify after 2027-08-28 |
| MS | None — no collection-agency license, registration, or bond; DBCF licenses 10 consumer-finance types, collection not among them (six "Mississippi Consumer Collection Practices Act" bills died 1997–2012); AG enforces the MCPA | N/A — no state collection statute at all; MCPA (§§75-24-5/-9/-15/-19) is the UDAP backstop. §97-29-45(5) writes FDCPA-covered calls OUT of the state telephone-harassment crime — whether a first-party creditor's calls are "covered" is unconstrued, don't assume shelter | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm | 3/3/3/6 — flat 3y (§15-1-49(1) residual + §15-1-29 open accounts/unwritten; written-contract 3y is labeled interpretation — no statute says "written contract" outright); notes 6y: §75-3-118(a) negotiable + §15-1-81 (eff. 2012) nonnegotiable at the SAME six w/ 10y demand backstop — but §15-1-81(4)–(5) expressly excludes credit/charge-card writings and retail installment contracts from note treatment; judgments 7y renewable (§15-1-43) but foreign judgment vs a MS resident at filing drops to 3y (§15-1-45) | Two rules: §15-1-3(1) EXTINGUISHES the right at expiry — post-expiry payment/acknowledgment inert; dead obligation survives only as consideration for a genuinely new signed promise. Pre-expiry §15-1-3(2) restarts the FULL period on part payment, acknowledgment, or promise — aggressive re-aging on live accounts; acknowledgment/promise needs signed writing (§15-1-73), part payment listed separately (appears to need none — interpretation, attorney review) | No | Miss. Code §§15-1-3, -29, -43, -45, -49(1), -65, -73, -81; §75-3-118(a); §§75-24-5, -9, -15, -19 (MCPA); §97-29-45(5). UNVERIFIED: absence-from-state tolling (no official text located — do not model) |
| MT | NONE — no collection-agency license, registration, bond, or regulator (proved by enumerating the MCA's full static tree: 54 titles → 880 chapters → 4,089 part indexes, zero fetch failures, zero "collection agency" section headings; DOLI board list + Banking Division licensing page concur; no evidence MT ever had one). Narrow exception: a Consumer Loan License (§32-5-103) is needed to collect MCLA paper — collecting an MCLA consumer loan unlicensed VOIDS the loan (§32-5-103(4)) | No mini-FDCPA at all — MCPA UDAP (§30-14-103) reaches anyone in "trade or commerce," creditors included; individual action only (no class actions), $500 floor, treble under $100k, fees capped, 2y SOL; AG 5y-on-discovery + $10k/violation | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None for collection — federal 8am–9pm (⚠ §30-14-1412(1)(d)'s 8am–9pm is TELEMARKETING-only — don't cite it for collection) | 6/5/5/6 — written 6y (§27-2-202(1)) — CUT FROM 8 by SB 143 (Ch. 174, L. 2025), and the act keys to actions FILED on or after 2025-10-01, not accrual — retroactive shortening of accrued claims, attorney review; oral/account/promise-not-in-writing 5y ((2) — the card bucket by default; signed-agreement question unresolved); 3y non-contract catch-all ((3)); notes 6y (§30-3-122(1) — §30-3-118 is REPEALED, mis-cite trap) + 10y demand backstop; §27-2-402 absence tolling; UCLLA borrowing (§§27-2-104/-503) | Payment restarts with NO writing — §27-2-409(3) defines part payment as "any payment of principal or interest"; acknowledgment/new promise needs a signed writing ((2)); post-expiry effect UNVERIFIED (statute silent; sits in Part 4 "Circumstances Which EXTEND," which cuts against revival) — attorney review; MT case law manual-verification-only (searchcourts.mt.gov does not resolve; dojmt.gov Cloudflare-403s) | None — verified negative. Only medical-debt-adjacent rule: §30-14-2602 (2017) — ambulance provider must tell the collection agency a covered bill may not be reported as delinquent | MCA §§27-2-202, -409, -402, -102, -104→-503; §30-3-122; §§30-14-103/-111/-133/-142, -2602; §32-5-103. Sources: mca.legmt.gov static tree + api.legmt.gov (enrolled SB 143 + official effective dates). Currency: 6y period verified in the 2025 MCA build |
| NC | NCDOI permit per location + $10k bond scaling $10k–$30k (1/6-of-net-collections formula); $1,000 fee; July–June term; unlicensed = Class I FELONY (§58-70-1) | Yes — split by identity: ch. 58 art. 70 (agencies + debt buyers, licensed) vs ch. 75 art. 2 (everyone else incl. original creditors, same penalties), mutually exclusive (§75-50(3)) | No numeric cap ("unreasonable frequency" standard); ch. 75 third-party location contacts 1/week + 3/30d (§75-53(1)d.3) | None — federal 8am–9pm; "normal waking hours" standard (§58-70-100(3)) | 3/3/3/6 — flat 3y all contracts (§1-52(1)); notes 6y (§25-3-118(a)); sealed 10y (§1-47(2)) | Signed writing for new promise; payment's effect preserved but undefined (§1-26) — post-expiry payment revival has NO statute, attorney review; binds acting obligor only (§1-27(a)) | No letter disclosure — instead debt buyers barred from suit "or otherwise attempting to collect" known time-barred debt (§58-70-115(4), stricter than TX); acknowledgment-seeking barred w/o disclosure (§58-70-115(1)/§75-55(1)) | ch. 58 art. 70; ch. 75 art. 2; §§1-52(1), 1-47(2), 1-26; §25-3-118; §131E-91 |
| ND | License (not registration) — Dept. of Financial Institutions via NMLS; $400 app + $400/yr + $50/branch; $50,000 surety bond (§13-05-04.1) + $25,000 continuously maintained net worth (§13-05-04.2); Dec 31 expiry, Nov 1–Dec 31 renewal; no physical-presence requirement; trigger = DEBTOR residence (§13-05-02); covers COMMERCIAL debt too; unlicensed collection = CLASS C FELONY + $5k/violation CMP (§13-05-10) — harshest entry-gate penalty compiled (w/ NC) | No — §13-05-02.3(9) exempts creditors collecting their own debts; but debt buyers are covered, and DFI holds even PASSIVE debt buyers must be licensed alongside their servicer. ⚠ The mini-FDCPA is in the ADMIN CODE, not the Century Code: N.D. Admin. Code ch. 13-04-02 (promulgated under §13-05-06(4)); §13-04-02-04(6) incorporates FDCPA §§804–810 by reference — every federal violation is independently a state licensing violation w/ felony/CMP exposure. ND extras: 2.5% credit-card fee cap (§13-05-06.5); full business address on every demand (§13-04-02-08(4)); balance statement on request 1×/6mo (§13-04-02-14) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs (and bites twice via the (4)(6) incorporation) | None state-specific — federal 8am–9pm (§51-28-05's window is telephone-SOLICITATION-only) | 6/6/6/6 — one bucket (§28-01-16(1) "contract, obligation, or liability, express or implied"); goods 4y (§41-02-104); judgments + real-property instruments 10y (§28-01-15); notes 6y at §41-03-18 — there is NO §41-03-118 (ND renumbers the UCC; mis-cite trap) + 10y demand backstop; ⚠ open accounts accrue PER ITEM (Kadrmas/Hintz — §28-01-37's last-item rule is MUTUAL-accounts-only; "last payment + 6y" is the wrong ND rule); ch. 28-01.2 = Uniform Conflict of Laws–Limitations Act — imports the other state's period PLUS its tolling/accrual (can lengthen or shorten; 6y is a default, not an answer, under choice-of-law clauses) | Live both ways (§28-01-36): acknowledgment/new promise needs a SIGNED writing — oral rejected (Kadrmas v. Bolken, 508 N.W.2d 341 (N.D. 1993), overruling Erenfeld); part payment expressly carved out of the writing rule — restarts the ENTIRE debt on a 4-element test with the CREDITOR'S burden (voluntary, unambiguous as to the debt, part of a larger debt, consistent w/ intent to pay balance); co-obligor asymmetry (Langlie/Roles); post-expiry effect UNVERIFIED — attorney review | None — and no debt-buyer statute, no TBD suit bar, no medical-debt rules (negatives proved: 110 chapter PDFs of Titles 13/28/51 grepped + the full 29,108-section Century Code TOC swept) | N.D.C.C. §§13-05-02, -02.3, -04.1, -04.2, -06.5, -10; N.D. Admin. Code ch. 13-04-02; §§28-01-15, -16, -32, -36, -37; ch. 28-01.2; §§41-02-104, 41-03-18. Sources: ndlegis.gov (clean; decimal chapters hyphenate: t28c01-2.pdf) + DFI FAQ + Kadrmas via Archive. Watch: Sep-2026 special session |
| NE | License — Collection Agency Licensing Board, administered by the Secretary of State (chairperson), via NMLS; bond tiered by solicitor headcount $5k/$10k/$15k (<5 / 5–15 / 16+), $100k ceiling; $200 + $200 investigation + $75 renewal; in-state physical office required; unlicensed = Class III misdemeanor per day (§§45-601 to -623; 433 NAC ch. 2) | No — single creditor's regular employees excluded (§45-602(3)(a)) but a creditor collecting under a fictitious/third-party-sounding name IS covered (§45-602(2)(b)); debt buyers EXCLUDED (§45-602(3)(k) — own-name purchased-account collection exempt; no debt-buyer regime at all). NO mini-FDCPA (all 24 section titles enumerated; 433 NAC ch. 2 §008 only requires telling applicants the FDCPA exists); conduct falls to the Consumer Protection Act (§59-1602, $2k/violation, private action §59-1609) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm | 5/4/4 (contested)/6 — written 5y (§25-205(1)); not-in-writing 4y (§25-206, incl. open accounts — no separate statute; last-item accrual is ANNOTATION authority, not text); card bucket contested: produced signed agreement argues 5, Aurora Technology v. Labedz, 30 Neb. App. 33 (2021) pushes partly-oral-needing-parol-evidence to 4 — UNVERIFIED; notes 6y (Neb. U.C.C. §3-118(a)) — TRAP: the Legislature publishes the UCC at a separate path (/laws/ucc.php); statutes.php?statute=3-118 returns an AERONAUTICS section (silent wrong-cite generator) |
Revives even barred debt: §25-216 — voluntary part payment restarts the full period, and "in writing" grammatically modifies only acknowledgment/promise; annotations confirm post-expiry revival (Blair v. Willman Estate, 105 Neb. 735 (1921); Ebersole — payment revives "of its own vigor") | No — no disclosure, no suit bar, no debt-buyer regime | Neb. Rev. Stat. §§45-601 to -623; 433 NAC ch. 2; §§25-205, -206, -214, -216; §§25-3201 to -3207 (Uniform Conflict of Laws Limitations Act — a claim based on another state's law carries THAT state's period + tolling, even if longer); Neb. U.C.C. §3-118; §§59-1602, -1609. Medical Debt Relief Act (§§45-1301 to -1307) = state buy-and-forgive program, not conduct law; LB779 (interest moratorium) NOT enacted (FloorDocs Final/Slip 404 test) |
| NH | NONE — no license, registration, bond, or regulator; verified two ways (full-Code search: "debt collector" hits only RSA 358-C's five sections; Banking Dept's own roster licenses debt ADJUSTERS (RSA 399-D, consumer-side) not collectors) | Yes, split by DEBT TYPE — RSA 358-C:1, VIII(a): anyone enforcing a consumer CREDIT transaction (4+ installments or a finance charge, cards expressly included) is a "debt collector," original creditor included, no fee element; (b) fee-compensated collectors of broader consumer transactions; (c) assignees/buyers. An in-house creditor on a single-pay no-finance-charge bill (e.g. hospital) appears OUTSIDE the chapter while the agency/buyer on the same bill is inside (labeled interpretation). Remedies: $200/violation + fees (§358-C:4, I), assertable as counterclaim; every violation = per-se RSA 358-A:2 unfair act (VI) → $1,000 floor + mandatory 2×–3× willful (§358-A:10) + AG $10k/act counted regardless of consumers affected (§358-A:4, III(b)); RSA 358-A:3, I exempts bank-regulator-supervised trade (knocks out the 358-A layer only) | No general cap (intent standard) — but max ONE call per month at the place of employment (§358-C:3, I(c)(2)(C)), only after failing at home, dead on any debtor objection, contract boilerplate disqualified as consent. Other hard mechanics: 10-day represented-consumer unblock (V); 30-day-wait one-shot spouse/parent locate (IV(c)); conjunctive fee test — authorized by agreement AND legally chargeable (X); $25 returned-check cap (§358-C:5); business address on every writing + caller name on every call (I(d)–(e)) | None — no clock in ch. 358-C (dispatcher prior REFUTED); federal 8am–9pm governs | 3/3/3/6 — RSA 508:4, I is ONE undivided 3y "personal actions" bucket (no written/oral/open split exists); notes 6y (§382-A:3-118(a) via §508:1's displacement rule) + 10y demand backstop; sealed contracts + judgments 20y (§508:5); mortgage notes live as long as the mortgage action (§§508:6, 508:2); absence excluded outright (§508:9); NO borrowing statute (verified negative); accrual statutorily UNDEFINED ("act or omission complained of") | UNKNOWN — no statute either way (zero Code hits for new promise/acknowledgment/revival; the three part-payment hits unrelated); pure common law, UNVERIFIABLE this pass (courts.nh.gov Akamai-403 with ZERO archive captures) — attorney review, never encode a boolean; RSA 506:2-a (post-bankruptcy-discharge promise needs signed writing) is NOT a revival rule | No — "time-barred" = 0 sections Code-wide | RSA 358-C:1–:5; 358-A:2, :3, :4, :10; 508:1, :2, :4, :5, :6, :9; 382-A:3-118; 512:21 (wages exempt from trustee process except on an NH judgment — threatening garnishment without one risks §358-C:3, XI); 399-D. RSA 358-T = surprise-billing law, not collections |
| NJ | No license — $5,000 surety bond filed with the SoS via Treasury DORES, AG-approved, one-year term renewed annually, $25 fee (45:18-1 to -4); unbonded = fine ≤$500 and/or ≤3 months (45:18-5); attorneys + banks exempt (45:18-6). NOT repealed — DORES filing page current 2025-12-11 | Bond: no (reaches collecting "for others"); conduct: yes — the CFA binds "any person" (56:8-2, amended by P.L.2022, c.96 to add "unconscionable or abusive"); medical debt: yes — "medical creditor" expressly in scope (56:11-57) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm | 6/6/6/6 — written, oral, and open accounts share one bucket (2A:14-1(a)); notes 6y (12A:3-118(a)). Carve-outs: goods 4y (12A:2-725 via 2A:14-1(b)); sealed 16y w/ payment-restart but back to 6y when the plaintiff is a merchant or financial institution (2A:14-4 — debt-buyer status under that carve-out UNVERIFIED, counsel); judgments 20y (2A:14-5); demand notes 10y no-payment bar (12A:3-118(b)) | Payment revives; acknowledgment needs a signed writing — 2A:14-24 bars revival "by words only" but expressly preserves "the effect of any payment of principal or interest"; 2A:14-25 = evidence guard (creditor's own endorsement isn't proof of payment); no post-expiry cutoff exists | No — and no suit bar. The only scripted disclosure is medical-only: 14-pt boldface (56:11-59(c), Louisa Carman Act §§4–6 eff. 2025-07-22) | N.J.S.A. 45:18-1 to -6.1; 2A:14-1, -4, -5, -21 to -25; 12A:2-725, 12A:3-118; 56:8-1, -2, -13, -19; 56:11-56 to -62 (P.L.2024, c.48) |
| NM | License — collection agency + manager + repossessor licenses, FID (Regulation & Licensing Dept.) via NMLS; bond $5k floor → on renewal greater of $5k or 2 months' average client proceeds, capped $25k (§61-18A-15 + 12.24.2.8(A) NMAC); net worth ≥$10k, liquid ≥$1k; $500/$300 fees; physical office + 75%-present manager; letter-template pre-approval (12.24.2 NMAC); unlicensed = fourth-degree FELONY. CARA has NO prohibited-practices list — conduct liability via 12.24.2.8(E),(G) NMAC + UPA (§61-18A-27 is renewal fees, not conduct) | CARA: no — original creditors excluded (§61-18A-2(C)) unless collecting under a third-party-sounding name; UPA + the AG time-barred rule: YES — 12.2.12.7(D) NMAC expressly reaches "the original lender or obligee"; PDCPA binds medical creditors (§§57-32-1 to -10 + 13.10.39 NMAC). Debt buyers in scope = labeled interpretation (2021 "principal purpose" clause) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm | 6/4/4/6 — written 6y (§37-1-3(A)); unwritten + accounts 4y (§37-1-4); open accounts accrue from date of last item (§37-1-6); notes 6y (§55-3-118(a)); goods/auto-deficiency 4y (§55-2-725). Card bucket UNVERIFIED — no appellate holding; the AG's own rule glosses §37-1-4 as "unwritten contracts and accounts" (supports 4), produced signed agreement argues 6 | Bucket-dependent — a per-state boolean is wrong: ch. 37 claims — bare partial payment revives (no writing), accrual re-set to payment date, works post-expiry (§37-1-16; Petranovich 1945-NMSC-037; Corona 2014-NMCA-071); but §37-1-17 excludes UCC-period claims — payment does nothing on goods/auto paper (Autovest v. Agosto, 2025-NMSC-001 ¶35); notes (6y = §37-1-3's 6y) undecided — don't auto-re-age. Asymmetric: payment needs no writing, admission/new promise must be a signed writing (§37-1-16); §37-1-9 tolling construed strictly (Slade) — attorney review | YES — strictest compiled: 12.2.12 NMAC — affirmative documented good-faith time-bar determination on EVERY debt; 5 required content elements incl. explaining §37-1-16 revival; verbatim safe-harbor script (12.2.12.9(B)); front page in writing, immediately before/after first payment request on calls, in the language of the demand; must NOT be given when the debt is not time-barred; violation = per-se UPA violation | NMSA 1978 §§61-18A-1 to -33 (CARA); 12.24.2 NMAC; 12.2.12 NMAC (AG TBD rule); §§57-12-2, -3, -8, -10, -11 (UPA); §§57-32-1 to -10 + 13.10.39 NMAC (PDCPA); §§37-1-3, -4, -6, -9, -16, -17; §§55-2-725, 55-3-118; Autovest v. Agosto, 2025-NMSC-001 |
| NV | FID license + $35k–$60k scaling bond + certified compliance manager (NMLS) | No — original creditors excluded (NRS 649.020(2)(i)–(j)); debt buyers in since 2023-10-01 (SB 276) | None — NAC never adopted the delegated harassment definition | None | 6 (NRS 11.190(1)(b)) / 4 (11.190(2)(c)) / 4 open account (11.190(2)(a)–(b)) / 6 notes (NRS 104.3118(1)). Plus hospital debt 4y (11.2095). Card bucket is contested — statute says "goods, wares and merchandise," LCB FAQ says 6y (non-binding), no appellate holding | Two-phase. Pre-expiry: payment restarts from the payment date by statute (NRS 11.200(1)); signed writing extends a live claim (11.390). Post-expiry: nothing revives — payment, affirmation, or "other activity" (11.200(2), eff. 2023-10-01, not retroactive). Applies to all creditors, not just debt buyers | No general disclosure — but a time-barred suit is a licensing violation (649.375(1)(j)); hospital 5-day notice (649.332(2)); medical 60-day notice (NAC 649.290(2)(b)) | NRS ch. 649; NRS 11.190, 11.200, 11.2095, 11.390; NRS 104.3118 |
| NY | No statewide license found (DFS regulates conduct via 23 NYCRR 1 without licensing — interpretation); NYC: DCWP Debt Collection Agency license required for NYC-resident debtors wherever the agency sits (Admin. Code §§20-489 et seq.) | Yes under GBL §601 ("principal creditor … or his agent") and under NYC 6 RCNY 5-77 from 2027-01-01; No under 23 NYCRR 1 (third-party + debt buyers only, per DFS FAQ) | YES in NYC — 2-in-7 presumption now; from 2027-01-01 a hard 3-in-7 per account across all media plus stop-on-response (6 RCNY §5-77(b)(1)(iv)). Statewide: GBL §601(6) harassment standard only | No numeric state window — GBL §601(6) "unusual hours" standard; federal 8am–9pm governs | 3y consumer credit transactions (CPLR 214-i, eff. 2022-04-07) overrides; 6y other contract (CPLR 213(2)). Oral / open not compiled. Notes: 6y via CPLR 213(2)/(4), NOT UCC 3-118 — NY kept pre-revision Art. 3 (its §3-118 is rules-of-construction, no period); consumer-credit notes drop to 3y under 214-i. CPLR 203(h) anti-reset is MORTGAGE-ONLY (213(4) instruments) | Consumer credit: never — after expiry, payment, written or oral affirmation, or "other activity" does not revive or extend (CPLR 214-i). Non-consumer: acknowledgment = signed writing (GOL §17-101), which PRESERVES payment's effect without defining it — no NY statute states part payment's effect on ordinary debt (GOL §17-107 is mortgage-foreclosure-only); common law, attorney review | Yes — 23 NYCRR §1.3(b) notice in the payment-acceptance medium before accepting payment; NYC adds the §5-77(i) mail-first regime + 14-day wait from 2027-01-01. NYC's "may start again" bullet must be conformed for 214-i debts | CPLR 213(2), 214-i, 306-d, 3016(j); GBL §§600–603; 23 NYCRR pt. 1; 6 RCNY §5-77 |
| OH | None — no license, no bond; AG/CSPA is the regulator. Entry gate is procedural: R.C. 1319.12 assignment + debtor-county venue + Ohio counsel | Yes — CSPA "supplier" (R.C. 1345.01(C)) | None | None — federal floor | 6 (R.C. 2305.06) / 4 (2305.07(A)) / 6 consumer/card accounts by statute — 2305.07(C) covers them "whether or not reduced to writing" / 6 notes (1303.16). S.B. 13 §§4–5 whichever-first cap, hard backstop 2027-06-16 | Revives on payment or signed writing (R.C. 2305.08) — a payment alone suffices; an acknowledgment or promise must be signed. No anti-revival statute. Doubled effect on consumer accounts: a payment both re-anchors 2305.07(C) accrual and independently triggers 2305.08 | No | R.C. 2305.03, 2305.06–.08, 2305.15, 1303.16, 1319.12; ch. 1345 (CSPA) |
| OK | NONE — no license, bond, registration, or regulator (DOCC's 12-category license list has no collector entry; Titles 59 and 14A have zero "collection agency" hits). The whole conduct code is two sentences — 15 O.S. §753(32)–(33) — but violations are a Class D1 FELONY since 2026-01-01 (21 O.S. §20N(A)(57)); collection agencies barred from small-claims court (12 O.S. §1751(B)) | Yes — OCPA reaches any "person … in the course of the person's business" (§753); §753(32)–(33) say "acting as a debt collector" with no third-party carve-out | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | Channel-conditional: federal 8am–9pm for live calls; 9am floor for prerecorded/synthesized-voice calls (15 O.S. §755.1(C)(2)(a); criminal twin 21 O.S. §1847a w/ one-way fee-shifting) | 5 written (12 O.S. §95(A)(1)) / 3 not in writing (§95(A)(2)) / no open-account category exists — cards UNVERIFIED: produced-agreement 5y reading is labeled statutory-text interpretation (OSCN case search Cloudflare-gated, no appellate authority retrieved); treat 3y exposure as live / 6 notes (12A O.S. §3-118(a)). No medical-debt SOL — 12 O.S. §193 (2024) is a pleading/default-judgment statute | Payment revives — no writing or signature needed (§101, unamended since R.L. 1910); acknowledgment/promise must be a signed writing. Whether a POST-expiry payment revives is unresolvable against §102's absolute bar — attorney review. Borrowing statute takes the LONGER period ("whichever last bars the claim," §105 — inverts the usual rule) | No — but threatening a time-barred suit is an unlawful practice (§753(32)) | 12 O.S. §§95, 96, 98, 100–102, 104–108, 193, 1751(B); 12A O.S. §3-118; 15 O.S. §§752, 753, 755.1, 756.1, 761.1; 21 O.S. §§20N, 1847a |
| OR | TWO separate gates: (1) collection-agency registration — DCBS/Div. of Financial Regulation via NMLS (ORS 697.015/.031), $350/$120, $10k bond ($15k if no OR office/trust account, OAR 441-810-0160(2)(c) — bond tier follows the waiver route, not headquarters); (2) debt-buyer LICENSE (ORS 646A.643, HB 2356 / 2017 c.625 — freestanding chapter, debt buyers EXCLUDED from the agency definition by §697.005(1)(b)(R)): $450 + $1M E&O ($500k under $10M receipts). Both if doing both. Unregistered agency cannot bring or MAINTAIN suit — registration is a pleading element (§697.045(4)) + fees earned unregistered forfeited (§697.091); out-of-state exemption nearly unavailable (§697.005(7) — OR-incurred debt disqualifies) | Conduct: yes — §646.639(1)(h) "debt collector" has no first-party carve-out and (2)(g)(A) presupposes coverage (labeled interpretation); entry gates: no, unless the creditor collects under an alias (§697.005(1)(a)(C)) | None — intent standard (§646.639(2)(e)); Reg F 7/7 governs. But workplace calls capped 1/business week (§646.639(2)(g)(B)), only after failed good-faith residence attempt; contractual consent to workplace calls VOID | None general — federal 8am–9pm (OAR 441-810-0220's 8–9 window is child-support-only) | 6/6/6/6 — no written/oral axis (§12.080(1) "express or implied"); notes 6y (§73.0118) + 10y demand backstop; goods 4y (§72.7250, shortenable to 1y by agreement — card debt best read as credit contract at 6y, §646A.655(5) names §12.080 for debt buyers, FLAGGED for installment/direct-goods paper); judgments 10y (§12.070); accrual = last charge or payment, INTEREST/financing/carrying charges don't count (§12.090); borrowing statute imports the other state's period EVEN IF LONGER (§§12.430/.440 — never model as a cap); filing counts only if service follows within 60 days (§12.020(2)) | Payment after due date restarts, no writing needed (§12.240); signed written acknowledgment also restarts (§12.230, payment's effect expressly preserved); post-expiry revival UNVERIFIED — attorney review, do not auto-re-age | No disclosure — suit/arbitration ban instead: filing "legal action" (incl. arbitration + small claims, §646.639(1)(j)) on a debt known or reasonably discoverable as time-barred is unlawful (§646.639(2)(r), (4)(a)); SB 1595 (2024): private action now $1,000 statutory + 3y clock, defendant fee-symmetry removed | ORS 12.080(1), 12.090, 12.230/.240, 12.430/.440, 72.7250, 73.0118, 697.005–.990, 646.639, 646.641, 646A.643–.677; OAR 441-810. Medical: SB 605 (2025 c.343, eff. 2026-01-01) = FLAT ban on reporting ANY Oregon medical debt to a CRA (incl. not-past-due + medical cards), violation = UTPA + court may declare the debt VOID (§646A.677(11)–(12)); Medicaid-reimbursable debt needs an original-creditor OHA-compliance affidavit (§646.639(2)(q)) |
| PA | None — no license, no registration, no bond (FCEUA is conduct-only; DoBS non-bank roster has no collection agencies; the old 37 Pa. Code ch. 303 regs were repealed by FCEUA §6). Adjacent gate: debt settlement/management DoBS licensing is a different business — DMSA licensees are barred from collecting | Yes — freestanding creditor rulebook. FCEUA §4(b) applies FDCPA-style conduct rules directly to first-party creditors (window, harassment, fees, misrepresentation); debt collectors get the whole FDCPA via §4(a); enforcement through UTPCPL (AG injunction + civil penalties; $100-floor private action, discretionary treble, §9.2) | None — intent/harassment standard (§4(b)(4)(v)) | 8am–9pm consumer's local time, binding on creditors too (§4(b)(2)(i)) | 4/4/4/4 flat (42 Pa.C.S. §5525(a): written (a)(8), oral (a)(3), implied-in-law (a)(4), notes (a)(7), UCC goods (a)(2); no separate open-account statute) — but negotiable notes 6y via 13 Pa.C.S. §3118 + the §5501(b) UCC-controls rule; sealed instruments 20y (§5529(b)(1)); a written agreement may shorten (§5501(a)); borrowing statute takes the shorter period (§5521(b)) | No revival statute — ch. 55 has no part-payment/acknowledgment provision (negative finding, method on the page); common-law territory, do not model either direction. One statutory re-ager: demand instruments run from the later of demand or any payment (§5525(a)(7)) | No — FCEUA silent on time-barred debt; Reg F §1006.26 is the only bar | FCEUA 73 P.S. §§2270.1–2270.6; UTPCPL 73 P.S. §201-1 et seq.; 42 Pa.C.S. §§5525, 5529(b), 5501, 5521, 5532; 13 Pa.C.S. §3118 |
| RI | Registration, not license, NO bond — DBR via NMLS, $750/yr per location, non-transferable (§19-14.9-12; debt collection is NOT a §19-14-2(a) licensed activity so ch. 19-14's bond never attaches); unregistered = ≤$2,000 and/or ≤1yr (§19-14.9-13(1)); out-of-state exemption (5)(b): out-of-state collector + out-of-state creditor + debt incurred out of state, phone/fax/mail only — all three prongs required | NO for ch. 19-14.9 — original creditors exempt (§19-14.9-3(5)(a),(f)(ii)) and attorneys also exempt ((5)(g) — broader carve-out than the FDCPA); YES for medical debt — ch. 6-60 binds "a creditor, debt collector, or collection agency"; 15-day cure safe harbor (§19-14.9-13(4)(b)); 1-yr private SOL ((5)); one-alias rule w/ filed list (§19-14.9-7(p)); no CRA furnishing in collector's own name (§19-14.9-8(k)) | None — §19-14.9-6(d) is intent-based; Reg F 7/7 governs | 8am–9pm identical to federal (§19-14.9-5(1)(a)) | 10/10/10/6 — REVERSE collapse: §9-1-13(a) ten-year catch-all for ALL civil actions (no written/oral/open split exists — all 64 ch. 9-1 sections enumerated + the Legislature's own §9-1-36 list); negotiable notes 6y (§6A-3-118(a), Rev. Art. 3 adopted 2000) — SHORTER than the row, §9-1-13(a) yields; non-negotiable notes 10y (Wyss v. Wyss recital); goods 4y (§6A-2-725(1)); sealed/judgments 20y (§9-1-17); §9-1-18 proviso = borrowing statute | UNMODELED AND UNKNOWN — no statute EITHER direction: ch. 9-1 has no acknowledgment/new-promise/part-payment provision AND no anti-revival rule (zero grep hits across all 64 sections); no RI decision locatable (Judiciary corpus searched; doctrine predates it) — attorney review; majority-rule revival would restart a TEN-year clock | None, and no TBD suit bar — but §6-60-4(b) mandates a verbatim medical-debt sentence in correspondence ("Any correspondence" — no medical limiter in the operative text; scope FLAGGED for counsel; $10/day exposure) | §§19-14.9-1 to -13; §§9-1-13(a), -17, -18, -36; §6A-3-118; §6A-2-725; ch. 6-60 (medical: furnishing ban + 60-day insurance-appeal freeze on reporting/contact/suit + forced deletion, eff. 2025-01-01); §6-26-11 (medical interest cap 1.5–4%, new debt post-2025-06-26); P.L. 2025 ch. 300/301 eff. 2026-01-01 (§10-5-8 no wage garnishment; §§9-25-3/10-5-7 no principal-residence execution — violation = slander of title) |
| SC | No collection-agency license — negative verified five ways (incl. the trap that web search returns dead bill H.3383's text as if it were law). Conditional gates: SCDCA notification $120/yr — only for collectors with an SC office taking assignments (§37-6-201; Reg. 28-8); supervised-lender license (Board of Financial Institutions) to buy-and-collect consumer loans over 12%/yr (§37-3-502(2)) | Yes — §37-1-301(28) "debt collector" includes "a creditor who collects … his own debts"; conduct rules live inside §37-5-108(5)'s unconscionability factor test; private action $100–$1,000 + mandatory fees w/ 30-day pre-suit SCDCA filing (§37-5-108(6)) | None — intent standards (§37-5-108(5)(b)); Reg F 7/7 governs | Federal-equivalent — 8am–9pm stated as a rebuttable factor (§37-5-108(5)(b)(i)) | 3/3/3/6 — §15-3-530(1) is ONE bucket ("contract, obligation, or liability, express or implied" — no written/oral axis; 6y until 1988); notes 6y (§36-3-118(a), Rev. Art. 3 since 2008); goods sales 6y (§36-2-725(1), SC non-uniform); mortgage-secured/sealed 20y (§15-3-520) BUT sealed money notes carved back to 3y (§15-3-520(b)) | Payment revives — no writing needed: §15-3-120 requires a signed writing for acknowledgment "But payment of any part of principal or interest is equivalent to a promise in writing" (the sentence summarizing fetchers drop — read the chapter raw); post-expiry effect UNVERIFIED (§15-3-130 ambiguous) — attorney review | No — only the misrepresenting-"legal status" hook (§37-5-108(5)(c)(i)) | S.C. Code §§15-3-530(1), -520, -120, -130, -20(B), -30; 36-3-118, 36-2-725; 37-5-104, -108, -110 to -117; 37-6-201; 37-3-502. Extras: NO wage garnishment for consumer credit (§37-5-104); suit in consumer's county w/ clerk refusal (§37-5-113); verified complaint for default judgment (§37-5-114) |
| SD | None for collection agencies — but debt buyers need a Money Lender license (Div. of Banking, NMLS): §54-4-36(2) "lending money" includes acquiring/purchasing loans; $10k bond; unlicensed = Class 1 misdemeanor + loans uncollectible except principal (§54-4-76) | No general code — §54-4-77 binds licensees' personnel only; UNVERIFIED whether "servicing" reaches contingency-fee agencies | None | None — federal floor (telemarketing 9a–9p rule excludes existing-debt calls) | 6/6/6/6 — §15-2-13(1) ("contract, obligation, or liability, express or implied" — no written/oral split); notes §57A-3-118(a) + 10y demand backstop; sealed/SD judgments 20y (§15-2-6) | Payment revives — §15-2-29 requires a signed writing for acknowledgment/promise but expressly preserves "the effect of any payment"; clock stops on SERVICE not filing (§15-2-30) | No | SDCL 15-2-13(1), 15-2-29, 15-2-30; 57A-3-118; ch. 54-4 (Money Lenders) |
| TN | License — Collection Service Board (Commerce & Insurance); bond/CD tiered by headcount $15k/$20k/$25k (§62-20-106(3)(A)); $150 + $600 + $350/24-mo (rule 0320-01-.03); willful violation = Class C misdemeanor (§62-20-123); Board civil penalties to $1k/violation. FLAGGED: Board's 2023 sunset filing reports a "2021" repeal of branch licenses + solicitor cards that appears in NO official act table — status of §62-20-111(b)'s mandatory "licensed by the Board" letter legend UNKNOWN, needs Lexis/Board email | No — first parties collecting their own accounts unregulated (§62-20-103(b)). Debt buyers SPLIT by who dials: "collection service" covers purchased paper (§62-20-102(3)) but a buyer collecting only through a licensed agency/TN attorney is exempt (§62-20-103(a)(9), 2014 PC 996 — NOT 2017, never flip-flopped) | No state cap — intent standard (rule 0320-05-.04(1)(e)); but Reg F is STATE-enforceable: rule 0320-05-.10 deems a 12 CFR 1006 violation an unfair/deceptive practice under Board rules, w/ vicarious liability to the collection service (eff. 2025-09-24 amendment) — first such incorporation among compiled states | 8am–9pm consumer's location, restated in state RULE (0320-05-.03(1)(a)1) | 6/6/6/6 — §28-3-109(a)(3) one bucket, no written/oral split (card placement = labeled interpretation); residual/judgments 10y (§28-3-110(3)); demand notes reportedly 10y (§28-3-109(c)) + §47-3-118 both UNVERIFIED (Lexis-gated, outside tn.gov's reproduction) — note track needs official read | No revival statute — common law, NO WRITING NEEDED: express promise, or acknowledgment + willingness to pay that "may be implied from … acts," restarts 6y from the revival conduct (Siskin Hosp. v. Little 2024, quoting Ingram v. Earthman); bare payment vs the two-element test unresolved — ship as payment-MAY-revive, fact-dependent. Opposite pole from GA's writing requirement | No — federal floor. But TN adds: letter legend "licensed by the collection service board" required in every collection letter (§62-20-111(b) — see FLAG); pre-Reg-F validation shape in rule 0320-05-.07; caller-ID area-code/toll-free spoofing = criminal offense (§47-18-2302(a)(2), 2024) — hard constraint on local-presence dialing | Tenn. Code Ann. tit. 62 ch. 20; Tenn. Comp. R. & Regs. 0320-05, 0320-4-.01; §§28-3-109(a)(3), 28-3-110(3); §§47-18-104(b), 47-18-2302(a)(2); §62-20-127 ($200/$500 consolidation caps) |
| TX | No license — $10,000 surety bond filed with Secretary of State, third-party collectors + credit bureaus (Fin. Code §392.101) | Yes — TDCA "debt collector" = anyone engaged in debt collection (§392.001(5)–(6)); the bond is third-party only | No — intent-to-harass standard only (§392.302(4)); Reg F 7/7 governs | None in ch. 392 — federal 8am–9pm applies | 4/4/4/6 — "debt" and open/stated account (Civ. Prac. & Rem. §16.004(a)(3), (c)); notes 6y (Bus. & Com. §3.118(a), the statute §392.307(c) points at; 10y demand backstop). Absence tolling §16.063 — attorney review | Debt-buyer consumer debt: never — once barred, not revived by payment, oral or written reaffirmation, or any other activity (§392.307(d)). Other holders: §16.065 — acknowledgment of a barred claim inadmissible unless a signed writing (evidentiary bar); bare post-expiry PAYMENT effect has NO statute — attorney review, expiry-is-final is the safe posture | Yes — debt buyers must give the §392.307(e) scripted notice (≥12-pt) in the initial written communication; suit and arbitration barred (§392.307(c)) | Fin. Code ch. 392; Civ. Prac. & Rem. §§16.004, 16.063 |
| UT | Collection Agency Act REPEALED — Laws of Utah 2023, ch. 32 (H.B. 20), eff. 2023-05-03, no savings clause (killed the Commerce-Div. registration + $10k bond; Title 12 now = one section). BUT NOT a no-gate state: the §70C-8-201(1)(b) Consumer Credit Notification survives — DFI via NMLS, for a party with a Utah office taking assignment of or collecting consumer credit debt; 30 days pre-commencement, renew Nov 1–Dec 31, $100/yr; depositories + subs exempt; class B misdemeanor hook (sanction fit for a pure agency unclear — don't call the filing optional). ⚠ TWO official pages still describe the dead regime (commerce.utah.gov + DFI's own FAQ) — source the gate from statute. §12-1-11 fee rules: 40%-of-principal cap lives, but the collection-fee condition dangles on the repealed registry — fee calc = attorney review | No mini-FDCPA (negative from full official title XML sweeps). UCSPA "supplier" reaches one who "enforces consumer transactions, whether or not the person deals directly with the consumer" (§13-11-3(5)); actual damages only, §13-11-22(1)(a) permitted-by-law exemption untested vs FDCPA compliance. §70C-7-107 (pre-negative-credit-report notice, creditor incl. its collection agent) and §31A-26-313 (health-care 45/60-day pre-collection notice; provider stays liable for its agency's noncompliance) are the real deltas | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm (§13-25a-103(3) is telemarketing-only; construction labeled) | 6/4/6 (bank cards)/6 — written 6y (§78B-2-309(1)(b)); oral 4y (§78B-2-307(1)(a)); cards 6y BY STATUTORY CHAIN: §25-5-4(2)(e) credit agreement binding WITHOUT SIGNATURE on use → founded on a writing → §78B-2-309(1)(b), accrual rule inside the section (§78B-2-309(2), 2019 H.B. 83) — producibility irrelevant, the fork is the issuer's FINANCIAL-INSTITUTION charter (retail/non-bank paper may drop to §78B-2-307's 4y); notes 6y (§70A-3-118(1)) + 10y demand backstop; §78B-2-307(1) rolling accrual (last charge or last payment); judgments 8y renewable (§78B-2-311); one-way borrowing (§78B-2-103) | Strongest pro-revival state compiled: §78B-2-113(1)(c) — payment restarts with NO writing; §78B-2-309(2)(c) — credit-agreement clock restarts on payment by "the debtor or a third party" (insurer remittance, family payment — unique in the KB; revival enum needs a PAYER dimension). Post-expiry: §78B-2-113(1) vs (2) UNRESOLVED — attorney review, never auto-re-age | No — and no suit bar, no anti-revival | §§78B-2-307, -309, -113, -311, -103; §70A-3-118; §25-5-4; §§70C-8-201 to -203; §70C-7-107; §12-1-11; §§13-11-3/-4/-5/-17/-22; §31A-26-313. Watch: 2021 H.B. 394 + 2023 S.B. 195 (medical debt) both DIED |
| VA | NONE — no license, bond, registration, or regulator (four-pronged negative: Popular Names index, Title 6.2 + 54.1 chapter lists, SCC BFI's own page); the "Virginia Debt Collection Act" (§2.2-4800) is about the COMMONWEALTH's receivables, not consumers | N/A — no collection-practices statute; VCPA defined on the sale side (§59.1-198) so it doesn't naturally reach collection; the Medical Debt Protection Act DOES bind medical collectors/buyers expressly (§59.1-611) w/ 120-day pre-action hold, 30-day notice, 3% interest cap, sale covenants (2025 c. 692); flat ban on credit-reporting medical debt (§59.1-444.4(B), 2024 c. 751); debt buyers can't self-file in GDC (§16.1-88.03(A)) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None for collection — §59.1-511's 8am–9pm binds telephone SOLICITORS only | 5/3/3/6 — the axis is SIGNATURE, not writing: 5y needs a writing SIGNED by the party charged (§8.01-246(A)(2), seals irrelevant); UNSIGNED writing = 3y with oral ((A)(4)(i)-(ii)) — so the card answer is textually 3y (labeled interpretation, no official case law retrieved); no open-account category ((A)(3) is merchant-to-merchant); notes 6y incl. NON-negotiable (§8.3A-118(a),(h)) + 10y demand backstop; medical debt 3y from FINAL INVOICE due date (§8.01-246(B), 2024 c. 800; plan extends, breach restarts, Medicaid carved out) | Signed writing only (§8.01-229(G)); NO part-payment statute either way and NO post-expiry cutoff — post-expiry revival by signed writing may be possible; co-obligor acknowledgment binds only the signer (§8.01-232(C)); attorney review, never a boolean | No — no disclosure, no suit bar, no anti-revival; limitations is a pure affirmative defense (§8.01-235) | Va. Code §§8.01-246, -229(G), -232, -235; 8.3A-118; 59.1-611 to -613; 59.1-444.4; 16.1-88.03(A) |
| VT | NONE — no license, registration, or bond (proved by enumerating all chapters of 8 V.S.A. (87), 9 V.S.A. (78), 26 V.S.A. (74); ch. 83 "debt adjusters" is debtor-side §2751); AG Consumer Protection Division enforces conduct only | YES — via an AG RULE, not a statute: Consumer Protection Rule CP 104 (adopted under 9 V.S.A. §2453(c), eff. 1974-01-28 — four years BEFORE the FDCPA), 104.07(1) "debt collector" "includes creditors and their agents when they are so acting"; rule violation = prima facie UDAP proof (§2453(d)); private action reaches rule violations (§2461(b), fees + up to treble); AG $10k/act (§2458(b)(1)); rule text unchanged since 1974 (CP/CF PDF diff + SOS APA-DB sweep 2011–26) | No number — CP 104.02(d) is a standard ("such frequency as to be unreasonable"); Reg F 7/7 governs. Stricter-than-federal mechanics elsewhere: company name on EVERY call (104.02(b)), mini-Miranda in ALL writings (104.04(b)), assignee name + full address on first post-assignment demand (104.04(d)), pre-judgment employer/family contact ban broader than §1692c(b) (104.03) | No clock — CP 104.02(d) bars calls outside "normal waking hours of the person" — a subjective per-debtor test that can be NARROWER than 8am–9pm; Reg F is a floor, not a safe harbor | 6/6/6/6 — flat catch-all (12 V.S.A. §511, no written/oral/open split); notes 6y independently (9A §3-118(a)) + 10y demand backstop; specialties/seals 8y (§507); judgments 8y renewable only by NEW INDEPENDENT ACTION (§506); ⚠ witnessed promissory notes 14y (§508) — current law, unresolved conflict w/ §3-118, never auto-apply; contractual shortening/waiver VOID (§465); FILING stops the clock (§466); crime-victim-comp period excluded on related medical debt (13 V.S.A. §5366) | Payment revives, MA-shape (§§591–592): acknowledgment/new promise needs signed writing (§591); payment's common-law effect expressly preserved — bare part payment restarts with NO writing (§592); holder's own endorsement of the payment isn't proof unless in payer's handwriting (§592); co-obligor asymmetry (§593); post-expiry effect UNVERIFIED (common law) — NOT a no-revival state | No standing TBD disclosure (all 140 sections of 9 V.S.A. ch. 63 enumerated) — only CP 104.05(a)'s conditional duty when seeking a WRITTEN acknowledgment of a barred debt | CP 104.01–.07; 9 V.S.A. §§2453(c)–(d), 2455, 2456, 2458, 2461(b), 2466d; 12 V.S.A. §§465, 466, 506–511, 552, 591–593, 5531(e) (small claims: no consumer-credit/medical claims >$5k); 9A §3-118; 18 V.S.A. §§9481, 9484, 9485 (medical debt: total CRA-furnishing ban, 2025 Act 21, eff. 2025-07-01) |
| WA | License — Dept. of Licensing + $5,000 bond (RCW 19.16.110, .190) | No — original creditors excluded (RCW 19.16.100(5)(c)); debt buyers in | YES — 3/week any channel, 1/week at work, 2/day to a cell (RCW 19.16.250(13), (17), (18)) | Federal 8am–9pm governs — the state's 7:30am rule is more permissive | 6 (RCW 4.16.040(1)) / 3 (4.16.080(3), which expressly excepts accounts receivable) / 6 account receivable by statute (4.16.040(2), retroactive per 2007 c 124) / 6 notes (RCW 62A.3-118) | Two-phase, statutory. Pre-expiry payment restarts from the most recent payment (RCW 4.16.270); after expiry neither payment nor a signed written acknowledgment restarts, revives, or extends (4.16.270, 4.16.280, both 2019 c 377). "Dead is dead" since 2019 | No disclosure — suit ban only (RCW 19.16.250(23)) | ch. 19.16 RCW; RCW 4.16.040, .080, .270, .280; RCW 62A.3-118 |
| WV | Tax Division, not a financial regulator: business registration certificate ($30, permanent, per location) is "deemed the collection agency's license" (§47-16-4(a)) + $5,000 bond PER OFFICE filed with the Tax Commissioner + MANDATORY in-state office; unlicensed = misdemeanor ≤$1,000 (§47-16-5); art. 16 = five sections, §47-16-4 unamended since 1973. WATCH: 2026 H.B. 4382 (30-day pre-garnishment notice) passed the House, left in Senate Judiciary | YES — on the face of the statute: §46A-2-122(d) "debt collector" = "any person or organization engaging directly or indirectly in debt collection" (attorneys only carved out); §46A-5-101(1) runs against "a creditor OR debt collector"; "claim" = ANY personal/family/household obligation (§46A-2-122(b)) — medical + utility in scope. Remedies: $1,000/violation (NOT the ~$1,500 that circulates — §46A-5-106's CPI uplift is discretionary); cap = greater of $175k or total indebtedness, severally per class member; debt cancellation for willful (§46A-5-105); exclusive consumer venue (§46A-5-107); 45-day certified-mail right-to-cure that TOLLS the SOL (§46A-5-108); AG $5k willful (§46A-7-111(2)) | YES — statutory numeric cap: 30 call attempts/week + 10 conversations/week PER PERSON, intent-qualified (§46A-2-125(d), 2015) — counts per-person weekly vs Reg F's per-debt 7-in-7; Reg F remains the tighter operational constraint | 8am–9pm local BY STATE STATUTE (§46A-2-125(d)), framed as a rebuttable assumption | 10/5/5/5 — the 10y reaches only a writing SIGNED by the party to be charged or sealed (§55-2-6 — signature is the operative fact); unsigned card agreements ride the 5y residual (labeled interpretation); notes 5y — NON-UNIFORM AND RECENT: §46-3-118(a) cut 6→5 by 2024 H.B. 4837 eff. 2024-06-06 (verified against both enrolled acts); drafts/checks 3y, CDs 5y; no discovery rule, no last-payment rule; §55-2-17 tolling needs prior WV residence PLUS obstruction, and its last sentence is a narrow shorter-period borrowing statute; §55-2-22 bankruptcy toll. WATCH: 2025 S.B. 124 (10→5, 5→2, discovery rule) PASSED THE SENATE before dying — re-check §55-2-6 every session | Signed writing revives, including post-expiry — §55-2-8: a promise "by writing signed by him or his agent" restarts a FULL new period and answers a §55-2-6 plea (oral never suffices); bare part payment UNVERIFIED (statute silent; the 1985 Greer Limestone lead unverifiable — WV case law manual-only) — attorney review, do not auto-re-age | YES — broadest compiled: §46A-2-128(f) two verbatim scripts by FCRA §605(a) obsolescence, in ALL written communications (not just initial), binding on original creditors, no type-size rule (2014 H.B. 4360). No express bar on FILING a time-barred suit ("time-barred" = 2 unrelated hits) | W. Va. Code §§46A-2-122 to -129a (esp. -125(d), -128(d)–(f) — (d) fee test is CONJUNCTIVE, (e) 3-business-day attorney cutoff); 46A-5-101, -105 to -108; 46A-7-111; 46A-1-105(a)(3)-(4) (HOA + tariffed-utility exclusions); 47-16-1 to -5; 11-12-3; 55-2-6, -8, -15, -17, -21, -22; 46-3-118. FLAGGED: §46A-5-101(1)'s 4y period is scope-qualified (credit sales/leases/loans/art.-6) — residual period for e.g. medical-claim violations UNRESOLVED |
| WI | TWO gates: (1) collection-agency license — DFI Div. of Banking via NMLS (§218.04), $1,200 initial + $200/yr per location, bond on DFI's published schedule $25k–$290k keyed to prior-year WI collections (+$10k if records out of state; Form LFS420, hard annual calendar); unlicensed = misdemeanor $1k/6mo (§218.04(12)); exempt: attorneys, banks, health-care billers, non-residents collecting SOLELY by interstate phone/mail (§218.04(2)(b)); (2) WCA registration (§426.201) within 30 days, annual Feb 28, exempt ≤$250k year-end balance | Yes — ch. 427 binds "any person engaging, directly or indirectly, in debt collection" (§427.103(3)), no owed-another limiter; §421.201(4) "applies to any debt collection activity in this state." Caveats: WCA switches off above $25k amount financed (→$50k eff. 2027-01-01, 2025 Act 105 — date-sensitive scope) and §427.104(1) needs "an agreement to defer payment." Remedies incl. statutory emotional-distress damages (§427.105) + $100–$1,000 penalty (§425.304). Litigation gates bite: §425.104/.105 right-to-cure notice + 15 days = pre-suit prerequisite (Kirsch, 2019 WI 42; NBA doesn't preempt, Riffard 2025); improper venue = dismissal for lack of jurisdiction (§421.401(2)(b)); §425.109 pleading reaches DEBT BUYERS post-2016 ("creditor"→"merchant," 2015 Act 155 — the still-printed Rsidue annotation reflects superseded text) | None — §427.104(1)(g) + DFI-Bkg 74.16(8) are harassment standards (annotation: 69 calls/19 months held NOT harassment); Reg F 7/7 governs. DFI-Bkg 74.16(5): an ORAL stop-calling request binds licensees (stricter than FDCPA's written §1692c(c)) | None — federal 8am–9pm | 6/6/6/6 — §893.43(1) "express or implied," no oral split; notes §403.118(1) + 10y demand backstop; open-account last-item accrual (§893.64); judgments 20y (§893.40); residual 10y (§893.50); borrowing takes the SHORTER (§893.07); §893.05 extinguishes the RIGHT, not just the remedy. "2018 amendment" = nonexistent (only post-1979 change is 2015 Act 133, motor-vehicle-insurance-only) | Two-state: pre-expiry partial payment restarts from payment date (St. Mary's Hosp. v. Tarkenton, §893.43 annotation; §893.48 preserves payment's effect, creditor's own endorsement not proof); signed writing restarts (§893.45, oral insufficient); post-expiry nothing revives — §893.05 extinguishment (labeled interpretation, no express statute; counsel before re-aging) | No TBD disclosure — only state-mandated script is the licensure notice "This collection agency is licensed by the Division of Banking… www.dfi.wi.gov" (DFI-Bkg 74.13, 8-pt, initial written comm or within 5 days, licensees only). Card convenience fee capped lesser of $25 or 3% (74.11(2)(d)) | Wis. Stat. §§427.102–.105, 421.201(4), 421.202(6), 421.401, 425.104–.109, 425.301–.308, 426.201, 218.04; DFI-Bkg 74.11/.13/.16; §§893.05, .07, .43, .45, .48, .64, 403.118. UNVERIFIED: 2025 SB 45 budget-bill medical-reporting provision — absent from current statutes, enrolled act not diffed; AB 353/SB 383 medical bills FAILED 2026-03-23 |
| WY | Hard LICENSE state — Collection Agency Board (sited w/ Div. of Banking) via NMLS, per office; $10k bond or cash deposit running to the CLIENT, not the consumer (§33-11-108); mandatory physical WY office + WY-resident manager (exam, 3 yrs' experience, max 15 agencies — Board "shall refuse" without one, §§33-11-105(b)(iii), -107(c)); $500 new/$150 renewal, Nov 1–Dec 1 window; debt buyers licensable since 2023-07-01 (2023 ch. 119); unlicensed = misdemeanor $50–$750 and/or 6mo (§33-11-115); Board fee cap: principal + legal interest + costs ONLY (Rules ch. 3 §3) | No — §33-11-101(b)(i),(v) exempt in-house collection in the creditor's TRUE name; (vi) card servicers; (vii) commercial-only; (viii) attorneys; EXCEPT a creditor collecting its own receivables under a FICTITIOUS name IS a collection agency (§33-11-101(a)(iii)(E)). No conduct code at all — the Board adopted the FDCPA by reference FROZEN at its 2006-10-13 text (Rules ch. 4 §6 — no Reg F); WY CPA can't reach collection (§40-12-102(a)(ii) "consumer transaction" = advertising/offering/sale/distribution) | None — Reg F 7/7 governs | None — federal 8am–9pm | 10/8/(no such category — 8 floor, 10 if agreement produced)/6 — written 10y (§1-3-105(a)(i)); unwritten 8y ((a)(ii)(A)); no open-account/account-stated category exists code-wide (full-code grep, 43 title files); ⚠ (a)(iii) is a NEW-RESIDENT rule (5y from establishing WY residence for pre-move foreign claims), NOT an open-account bucket; notes 6y (§34.1-3-118(a)) — REVERSE collapse, shorter than written (governs via §1-3-102) + 10y demand backstop; §1-3-116 absence tolling; §1-3-117 borrowing (barred where it arose = barred here) | Payment restarts with NO writing; acknowledgment/new promise needs a signed writing (§1-3-119 — clock runs "from the date of such payment, acknowledgment or promise"); statute has no live-claim limiter — read literally a bare payment revives a dead claim, but post-expiry effect UNVERIFIED (wyocourts.gov opinion search is metadata-only and starts at 2006; controlling cases predate it — WY case law manual-verification-only) | None — "time-barred" returns zero hits code-wide | W.S. §§33-11-101 to -116; Board Rules chs. 2–4 (031.0001; rules.wyo.gov PROGRAM_ID 329); §§1-3-102, -105, -116, -117, -119; §34.1-3-118. Currency proved: all 396 enacted 2024–26 bills grepped — none touches these sections |
Matrix sourcing note: every cell above traces to the linked state page, which quotes the
official text. TX/FL/MA/CA/NY were verified 2026-07-03 (leginfo.legislature.ca.gov,
nysenate.gov, statutes.capitol.texas.gov, flsenate.gov, malegislature.gov). WA, OH, NV, CO,
KY, DE, GA, IN were compiled and spot-checked 2026-08-11 against each state's official source
(see each page's source_urls and last_verified). Cells reading not compiled or
UNVERIFIED mark a genuine gap in the underlying page, not a negative finding.
Coverage tracker — 50 states + DC
Never-guess rule: for any state marked not compiled, state-specific
collections-compliance questions are not answered from memory. Say the state is not yet compiled, offer the federal floor (FDCPA/Reg F pages), and flag
the state for compilation.
| State | Status | State | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | compiled → al.md | Montana | compiled → mt.md | |
| Alaska | compiled → ak.md | Nebraska | compiled → ne.md | |
| Arizona | compiled → az.md | Nevada | compiled → nv.md | |
| Arkansas | compiled → ar.md | New Hampshire | compiled → nh.md | |
| California | compiled → ca.md | New Jersey | compiled → nj.md | |
| Colorado | compiled → co.md | New Mexico | compiled → nm.md | |
| Connecticut | compiled → ct.md | New York | compiled → ny.md | |
| Delaware | compiled → de.md | North Carolina | compiled → nc.md | |
| District of Columbia | compiled → dc.md | North Dakota | compiled → nd.md | |
| Florida | compiled → fl.md | Ohio | compiled → oh.md | |
| Georgia | compiled → ga.md | Oklahoma | compiled → ok.md | |
| Hawaii | compiled → hi.md | Oregon | compiled → or.md | |
| Idaho | compiled → id.md | Pennsylvania | compiled → pa.md | |
| Illinois | compiled → il.md | Rhode Island | compiled → ri.md | |
| Indiana | compiled → in.md | South Carolina | compiled → sc.md | |
| Iowa | compiled → ia.md | South Dakota | compiled → sd.md | |
| Kansas | compiled → ks.md | Tennessee | compiled → tn.md | |
| Kentucky | compiled → ky.md | Texas | compiled → tx.md | |
| Louisiana | compiled → la.md | Utah | compiled → ut.md | |
| Maine | compiled → me.md | Vermont | compiled → vt.md | |
| Maryland | compiled → md.md | Virginia | compiled → va.md | |
| Massachusetts | compiled → ma.md | Washington | compiled → wa.md | |
| Michigan | compiled → mi.md | West Virginia | compiled → wv.md | |
| Minnesota | compiled → mn.md | Wisconsin | compiled → wi.md | |
| Mississippi | compiled → ms.md | Wyoming | compiled → wy.md | |
| Missouri | compiled → mo.md |
Compiled: 51 of 51 — FULL COVERAGE (all 50 states + DC, completed 2026-08-12). Nothing is left on the never-guess list: every state-specific answer now has a KB page behind it. The never-guess rule itself survives — it governs any question a compiled page doesn't answer (labeled UNVERIFIED items, uncompiled territories like PR/GU/VI, and anything flagged as possibly stale).
Related
Official sources on file
- https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/FI/htm/FI.392.htm
- https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/95.11
- https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIII/TitleV/Chapter260/Section2
- https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CCP§ionNum=337.
- https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CCP§ionNum=339.
- https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/213
- https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/CVP/214-I
This page cites
- California — Rosenthal FDCPA, DCLA licensing, SOL & time-barred rules
- Colorado — Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (C.R.S. art. 5-16) + SOL
- Delaware — no collection statute, 3-year SOL (6 for notes), Medical Debt Protection Act
- Florida — Consumer Collection Practices Act (FCCPA) + SOL
- Georgia — no collection statute, no collector license; SOL is the whole story
- Indiana — Collection Agency Act (IC 25-11) + Deceptive Consumer Sales Act + SOL
- Kentucky — no collection-agency act; SOL split by contract execution date
- Massachusetts — AGO 940 CMR 7.00, DOB licensing + 209 CMR 18.00, c. 93 §49, SOL
- Nevada — Collection Agencies (NRS ch. 649) + SOL
- New York — 23 NYCRR 1, Consumer Credit Fairness Act, GBL Art. 29-H, NYC DCWP rules
- Ohio — no mini-FDCPA, no license; CSPA + the S.B. 13 limitations regime
- Texas — Debt Collection Act (Fin. Code ch. 392) + SOL
- Washington — Collection Agency Act (ch. 19.16 RCW) + SOL
- Alaska — Collection Agency Act (AS 08.24) + SOL
- Alabama — no collection statute, no collector license; a revenue stamp and a contested 3-vs-6 SOL
- Arkansas — Collection Agency Licensing (A.C.A. tit. 17 ch. 24) + Arkansas FDCPA + SOL
- Arizona — Collection Agency Act (A.R.S. tit. 32 ch. 9) + SOL
- Connecticut — Consumer Collection Agency Act (§§36a-800 to 36a-814) + SOL
- District of Columbia — §28-3814 debt collection + SOL
- Hawaii — Collection Agencies (HRS ch. 443B) + Collection Practices (ch. 480D) + SOL
- Iowa — Debt Collection Practices Act (Code ch. 537 art. 7) + SOL
- Idaho — Collection Agency Act (Idaho Code tit. 26, ch. 22) + SOL
- Illinois — Collection Agency Act (205 ILCS 740) + SOL
- Kansas — No collection-agency licensing; KCPA as the conduct statute; 5/3-year SOL with live post-expiry revival
- Louisiana — Liberative Prescription (Civil Code) + Collection Practices
- Maryland — MCDCA + MCALA licensing + SOL (3y, no revival on time-barred consumer debt)
- Maine — Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (32 M.R.S. ch. 109-A) + SOL
- Michigan — two conduct statutes (Occupational Code art. 9 + RCPA) + SOL
- Minnesota — Collection Agency Act (Minn. Stat. §§ 332.31–332.44), Medical Debt Act (ch. 332C) + SOL
- Missouri — no collection-agency statute; ch. 516 SOL + AG unfair-practice rules on time-barred debt
- Mississippi — no collection statute, no license; a flat 3-year SOL that **extinguishes the debt**
- Montana — no collection-agency act; SOL (written contract cut 8y → 6y, eff. 2025-10-01)
- North Carolina — two-statute split (ch. 58 art. 70 / ch. 75 art. 2) + 3-year SOL
- North Dakota — Collection Agency Act (N.D.C.C. ch. 13-05) + NDAC mini-FDCPA + SOL
- Nebraska — Collection Agency Act (Neb. Rev. Stat. ch. 45) + SOL
- New Hampshire — Unfair, Deceptive or Unreasonable Collection Practices (RSA 358-C) + SOL
- New Jersey — no mini-FDCPA; bond-only entry gate; 6-year SOL; medical-debt overlay
- New Mexico — Collection Agency Regulatory Act + AG time-barred-debt rule + SOL
- Oklahoma — no collection-agency licensing; OCPA §753 + SOL (12 O.S. §95)
- Oregon — two entry gates (collection agency registration + debt buyer license), unified 6-year SOL
- Pennsylvania — Fair Credit Extension Uniformity Act + SOL (42 Pa.C.S. ch. 55)
- Rhode Island — RI Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (ch. 19-14.9) + SOL
- South Carolina — Consumer Protection Code (Title 37) + SOL
- South Dakota — no collection-agency act; money-lender licensing reaches debt buyers; 6-year SOL
- Tennessee — licensed-and-bonded entry gate, an FDCPA clone in the Board's rules, 6-year SOL
- Utah — Collection Agency Act REPEALED (2023) + SOL
- Virginia — no collection-agency act; SOL (§8.01-246) + Medical Debt Protection Act
- Vermont — Consumer Protection Rule CP 104 (AG rule, not a statute) + SOL
- West Virginia — WVCCPA (ch. 46A, art. 2) + Collection Agency Act (ch. 47, art. 16) + SOL
- Wisconsin — Wisconsin Consumer Act (chs. 421–427) + §218.04 licensing + SOL
- Wyoming — Collection Agency Act (W.S. tit. 33 ch. 11) + SOL
Pages that cite this one
- No local layer — localities checked with no debt-collection regime of their own
- Chicago — MCC § 4-6-160 (debt collector licence + conduct duties) and EO 2025-10
- Buffalo — Code ch. 140 (collection agency licence, bond, and filed rate schedules)
- New York City — DCWP licensing + the SHIELD Rule (6 RCNY)
- Yonkers, NY — Debt Collection Agencies (Consumer Protection Code Art. XVIII)
- Reg F § 1006.14 — Call frequency (7-in-7) and harassment
- Reg F § 1006.26 — Collection of time-barred debts
- FDCPA — Scope, definitions, coverage, liability, enforcement